تأثیر ضربان دوگوشی بر اضطراب امتحان، توانایی شناختی و حافظه عملکرد اجرایی دانش‌آموزان دارای اضطراب امتحان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران

2 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه‌ روانشناسی، دانشکده‌ علوم‌ تربیتی و‌ روانشناسی، دانشگاه‌ شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران

3 گروه روانشناسی، دانشکدە علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران

10.22034/jmpr.2025.67305.6684

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسی اثربخشی ضربان دوگوشی بر اضطراب امتحان، توانایی شناختی و حافظه عملکرد اجرایی دانشآموزان دارای اضطراب امتحان انجام شد. طرح پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه‌آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون – پس‌آزمون بود. جامعه آماری، دانش‌آموزان پسر متوسطه دوم نمونه‌دولتی سطح شهر قزوین در سال ۱۴۰۳ بود که 30 نفر واجد شرایط ورود به مطالعه به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی در ۲ گروه آزمایش و کنترل (هر گروه ۱۵ نفر) گمارده شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش پرسشنامه توانایی‌های شناختی نجاتی (۱۳۹۲)، آزمون بلوک‌های کرسی (۱۹۷۰) و پرسشنامه اضطراب امتحان فریدمن و جاکوب (۱۹۷۷) بودند. سپس شرکت‌کنندگان گروه آزمایش به مدت 30 دقیقه، 4 بار در هفته، به مدت چهار هفته ضربان دوگوشی 10 هرتز را از طریق هدفون دریافت کردند. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل کواریانس چندمتغیری در نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS نسخه ۲۴ استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که ضربان دوگوشی 10 هرتز به‌طور معنی‌داری حافظه فعال را بهبود بخشیده (0/05>p)، توانایی‌های شناختی را (به‌جز در مؤلفه‌های کنترل مهاری، برنامه‌ریزی و شناخت اجتماعی) افزایش داده (0/05>p) و موجب کاهش سطح اضطراب امتحان شد (0/05>p). بنابراین می‌توان بیان کرد که روش درمانی همگام‌سازی امواج مغزی در باند آلفا به‌عنوان یک روش مداخله‌ای غیرتهاجمی می‌تواند در جهت کاهش اضطراب امتحان و بهبود حافظه کاری و توانایی کارکردهای شناختی به کار گرفته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Binaural Beats on Test Anxiety, Cognitive Ability and Executive Function Memory in Students with Test Anxiety

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamoun Babaei 1
  • Mojtaba Ahmadi 2
  • Gholamreza Chalabianloo 3
  • Hassan Bafandeh Gharamaleki 3
1 PhD student, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
2 MSc, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of binaural beats on test anxiety, cognitive ability, and executive function memory in students with test anxiety. The present research design was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest type. The statistical population was the second high school male students of Qazvin city in 1403, 30 of whom were eligible to enter the study and were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups (15 people each). The research instruments were Nejati's Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (2013), the Corsi Blocks Test (1970), and the Friedman and Jacob Test Anxiety Questionnaire (1977). Then, participants in the experimental group received 10 Hz binaural beats through headphones for 30 minutes, 4 times a week, for four weeks. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used in SPSS statistical software version 24 to analyze the data. The findings showed that 10 Hz binaural beats significantly improved working memory (p<0.05), increased cognitive abilities (except in the components of inhibitory control, planning, and social cognition) (p<0.05), and reduced the level of test anxiety (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be stated that the alpha band brainwave synchronization therapy method, as a non-invasive intervention method, can be used to reduce test anxiety and improve working memory and cognitive function ability.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • binaural beats
  • cognitive ability
  • executive function memory
  • exam anxiety
  • student

مراجع

Abdol Tajdini, P. Sakin Azari, R. Azin Fam, A. (2018). The effectiveness of the Perez creativity training method on test anxiety and academic performance of female students in Maragheh city. Women and Family Studies, 42 (11), 29-54. (In Persian)
Abe, Thomas, Gbenro, S. (2024). Effects of Test Anxiety On Students’ Performance in Mathematics in Senior Secondary Schools in Ekiti State. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 5, 25-34. DOI:10.37745/bjmas.2022.0486
Abhang., P., A., Gawali., B., W., Mehrotra., S., C. (2016). Introduction to EEG-and Speech-based Emotion Recognition. Academic Press.
Ahmadpour, A., Al-Baneen Jamali Imam, M. (2021). The effectiveness of teaching working memory strategies on academic motivation and test anxiety of students. Journal of New Achievements in Humanities Studies, 4(38). (In Persian).
Angelopoulou, E., & Drigas, A. (2021). Working memory, attention, and their relationship: A theoretical overview. Research, Society and Development, 10(5), e46410515288. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.15288
Arce, T., & McMullen, K. (2021). The Corsi Block-Tapping Test: Evaluating methodological practices with an eye towards modern digital frameworks. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100099
Avery, E. W., Yoo, K., Rosenberg, M. D., Greene, A. S., Gao, S., Na, D. L., Scheinost, D., Constable, T. R., & Chun, M. M. (2020). Distributed Patterns of Functional Connectivity Predict Working Memory Performance in Novel Healthy and Memoryimpaired Individuals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 32(2), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01487
Baddeley A. (2012). Working memory: theories, models, and controversies. Annual review of psychology, 63, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422
Baddeley, A. (1996). Exploring the central executive. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755608
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-
Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998). The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review, 105, 158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 295x.105.1.158
Barton, A., Matthews, B., Farmer, E., & Belyavin, A. (1995). Revealing the basic properties of the visuospatial sketchpad: The use of complete spatial arrays. Acta Psychologica, 89, 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(95)98944-Y
Basu, S., & Banerjee, B. (2023). Potential of binaural beats intervention for improving memory and attention: insights from meta-analysis and systematic review. Psychological Research, 87(4), 951-963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01706-7
Beauchene, C., Abaid, N., Moran, R., Diana, R. A., & Leonessa, A. (2016). The Effect of Binaural Beats on Visuospatial Working Memory and Cortical Connectivity. PloS one, 11(11), e0166630. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166630
Bellisle, F. (2004). Effects of diet on behaviour and cognition in children. The British journal of nutrition, 92 Suppl 2, S227–S232. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041171
Deiber, M. P., Missonnier, P., Bertrand, O., Gold, G., Fazio-Costa, L., Ibañez, V., & Giannakopoulos, P. (2007). Distinction between perceptual and attentional processing in working memory tasks: a study of phase-locked and induced oscillatory brain dynamics. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 19(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.158
Doğan, U. (2024). The relationship between test anxiety, rumination, and psychological flexibility. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 43(3), 2568–2577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04411-9
Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
Friedman, I. A., & Bendas-Jacob, O. (1997). Measuring perceived test anxiety in adolescents: A self-report scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57(6), 1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164497057006012
Garcia-Argibay, M., Santed, M. A., & Reales, J. M. (2019). Efficacy of binaural auditory beats in cognition, anxiety, and pain perception: a meta-analysis. Psychological research, 83(2), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1066-8
Ghasemi, S. A., Khamesan, A., Talebzade Shoshtari, L. and Masanani, Z. (2023). Test Anxiety Interventions for Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Iranian Research. Qualitative Research in Behavioral Sciences (QRBS), 2(1), 35-48. (In Persian) doi: 10.22077/qrbs.2024.7531.1030
Ingendoh, R. M., Posny, E. S., & Heine, A. (2023). Binaural beats to entrain the brain? A systematic review of the effects of binaural beat stimulation on brain oscillatory activity, and the implications for psychological research and intervention. PloS one, 18(5), e0286023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286023
Izadifard, R., Sadeghi, M., Baezat, F., Rubenzadeh, S. (2012). Validation and standardization of persian version of Friedben Test Anxiety Scale (FTA). Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(1), 51-66. (In Persian) doi:10.22051/psy.2012.1528
Jendryczko, D., Scharfen, J., & Holling, H. (2019). The impact of situational test anxiety on retest effects in cognitive ability testing: a structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Intelligence, 7(4), 22.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence7040022
Knoll, R. W., Valentiner, D. P., & Holzman, J. B. (2019). Development and Initial Test of the Safety Behaviors in Test Anxiety Questionnaire: Superstitious Behavior, Reassurance Seeking, Test Anxiety, and Test Performance. Assessment, 26(2), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116686685
Loong, L. J., Ling, K. K., Tai, E. L. M., Kueh, Y. C., Kuan, G., & Hussein, A. (2022). The Effect of Binaural Beat Audio on Operative Pain and Anxiety in Cataract Surgery under Topical Anaesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(16), 10194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610194
Lukasik, K. M., Waris, O., Soveri, A., Lehtonen, M., & Laine, M. (2019). The relationship of anxiety and stress with working memory performance in a large non-depressed sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00004
Maa, X. (2023). The Effect of Psychological Control on Students’Exam Anxiety. Journals Advances in Educational Technology and Psychology. DOI: 10.23977/aetp.2023.070301
Mehdizadeh Fanid, L. , Bayrami, M. , Sabouri Moghaddam, H. , Hashemi, T. and Dadashi, S. (2023). Effectiveness of Brainwave Entrainment in Alpha Band on Working Memory, Anti-Saccade and Anxiety Level of Anxious Participants. Journal of Psychological Studies, 19(3), 7-20. (In Persian) doi: 10.22051/psy.2023.44257.2812
Nejati V. (2013). Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire: Development and Evaluation of Psychometric Properties. Advances in Cognitive Sciences,15 (2), 11-19. (In Persian) URL: http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-289-fa.html
Nejati, V, Izadi-Najafabadi, S. (2012) Verbal fluency and working memory deficit in first-degree relatives of autistic children. Journalo of Gorgan Univ Med Sci, 14(3), 109-114. (In Persian) URL: http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-1460-fa.html
Nejati, V. (2014). Correlation between Students’ Educational Status and Brains’ Cognitive Abilities. Educ Strategy Med Sci, 6 (4), 217-221. (In Persian) URL: http://edcbmj.ir/article-1-428-fa.html
Nota, M. H. C., Nicolas, S., O'Leary, O. F., & Nolan, Y. M. (2023). Outrunning a bad diet: Interactions between exercise and a Western-style diet for adolescent mental health, metabolism and microbes. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 149, 105147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105147
Palladino, P., & Artuso, C. (2018). Working memory updating: Load and binding. Journal of General Psychology, 145(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2017.1415083
Qi, S., Chen, J., Hitchman, G., Zeng, Q., Ding, C., Li, H., & Hu, W. (2014). Reduced representations capacity in visual working memory in trait anxiety. Biological psychology, 103, 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.010
Qin, S., & Basak, C. (2020). Age-related differences in brain activation during working memory updating: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107335
Rao, A. Z., Mujib, M. D., Qazi, S. A., Alokaily, A. O., Ikhlaq, A., Mirza, E. H., Aldohbeyb, A. A., & Hasan, M. A. (2024). Predicting the effectiveness of binaural beats on working memory. Neuroreport, 35(17), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000002101
Rasouli, R., Mohamad Alipour, Z., & Taghi Pour, E. (2018). Effectiveness of cognitive learning strategies on test anxiety and school performance of students. Int J Educ Psychol Res, 4(1), 20-5.DOI:10.4103/jepr.jepr_84_16
Robson, D. A., Johnstone, S. J., Putwain, D. W., & Howard, S. (2023). Test anxiety in primary school children: A 20-year systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of school psychology, 98, 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2023.02.003
Rostami, S, Asadzadeh, H, Entesar Foumani, G, Hejazi, M. (2024). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Confrontational Cat Treatment Program and Self-Encouragement Training on Students' Social Anxiety and Exam Anxiety. Rooyesh. 12(12), 55-64. (In Persian) URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-4608-fa.html
Samimi, Z, Hasani, J, Kord Tamini, M, Afzoon, J. (2015). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training in cognitive and affective Control of Adolescents with Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Child Ment Health, 2(3), 21-37. (In Persian) URL: http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-55-fa.html
Sauseng, P., Klimesch, W., Heise, K. F., Gruber, W. R., Holz, E., Karim, A. A., Glennon, M., Gerloff, C., Birbaumer, N., & Hummel, F. C. (2009). Brain oscillatory substrates of visual short-term memory capacity. Current biology: CB, 19(21), 1846–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.062
Scott, B. J. Malone and M. N. Semple. (2009). Representation of dynamic interaural phase difference in auditory cortex of awake rhesus macaques.  J. Neurophysiol, 101(4), 1781-1799. doi: 10.1152/jn.00678.2007
Song, J., Chang, L., & Zhou, R. (2022). Effect of test anxiety on visual working memory capacity using evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 59(2), e13965. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13965
Szuhany, K. L., & Simon, N. M. (2022). Anxiety Disorders: A Review. JAMA, 328(24), 2431–2445. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.22744
Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., & Zwickey, H. (2007). Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 13(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.6196
Wahyudin, H., Ramli, M., Chusniyah, T., Eva, N., & Oktasari, M. (2024). Solution-Focused Brief Counseling: An Effective Strategy for Reducing Student Exam Anxiety. Edu Consilium: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Pendidikan Islam, doi: https://doi.org/10.19105/ec.v5i1.12262
Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Younger, N., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (2010). The effect of psychosocial stimulation on cognition and behaviour at 6 years in a cohort of term, low-birthweight Jamaican children. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 52(7), e148–e154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03637.x
Wianda, E., & Ross, B. (2019). The roles of alpha oscillation in working memory retention. Brain and Behavior, 9(4), e01263. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1263
Xu, C., & Wei, H. (2024). The effect of working memory training on test anxiety symptoms and attentional control in adolescents. BMC psychology, 12(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01597-w
Yadav, G. S., Francisco J. C., & Ranjani B. I. (2021). Using heartfulness meditation and brainwave entrainment to improve teenage mental wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 742892. https:doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742892
Zanto, T. P., & Gazzaley, A. (2009). Neural suppression of irrelevant information underlies optimal working memory performance. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(10), 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4621-08.2009
فصلنامه پژوهش های نوین روانشناختی
دوره 20، شماره 79
مهر 1404
صفحه 14-25

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 24 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 12 مرداد 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 25 مرداد 1404

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار