مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری نوموفوبیا بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی ناایمن و تنظیم شناختی هیجان ناسازگارانه با نقش میانجی احساس تنهایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی عمومی، گروه روانشناسی، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بروجرد، ایران.

2 دکترای روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی مدل‌­یابی معادلات ساختاری نوموفوبیا بر اساس سبک‌­های دلبستگی ناایمن و تنظیم شناختی هیجان ناسازگارانه با نقش میانجی احساس تنهایی بود. روش این مطالعه توصیفی-همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش دانش­‌آموزان دختر دوره دوم متوسطه مشغول به تحصیل در مدارس دولتی شهر خرم‌‏آباد به تعداد 10089 نفر در سال تحصیلی 1403-1402 بودند. حجم نمونه با روش نمونه‌‏گیری خوشه­ای چندمرحله‌­ای تصادفی 400 نفر انتخاب شد. ابزار گردآوری داده­­‌های پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه نوموفوبیا (NMP-Q) یلدریم و کوریا (2015)، پرسشنامه سبک‌­­های دلبستگی (AAI) هازن و شاور (1987)، فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه تنظیم­ شناختی هیجانی (CERQ) گرانفسکی و کرایج (2006) و مقیاس احساس تنهایی-نسخه سوم (UCLA LS3) راسل (1996) بود. داده‌ها به روش همبستگی پیرسون و معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم‌­افزار SPSS و AMOS نسخه 28 تحلیل شد. یافته­‌های پژوهش نشان داد که اثرات مستقیم سبک­­‌های دلبستگی ناایمن و تنظیم شناختی هیجان ناسازگارانه بر نوموفوبیا معنادار بود (p<0/001). همچنین نتایج نشان داد که احساس تنهایی در رابطه بین دلبستگی ناایمن دوسوگرا (0/361=β و 0/001=sig)، دلبستگی ناایمن اجتنابی (0/322=β و 0/001=sig)، و تنظیم شناختی هیجان ناسازگارانه (0/355=β و 0001=sig) با نوموفوبیا نقش میانجی دارد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌شود که رابطة بین این متغیرها در مداخله‌های مرتبط با نوموفوبیا دانش‌­آموزان مورد توجه قرار گیرد. لذا بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش می‌توان برنامه‌هایی برای پیشگیری، اعمال مداخلات و کنترل نوموفوبیا طرح‌ریزی نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Structural Equation Modeling of Nomophobia based on Insecure Attachment Styles and Maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation with Mediator Role of Loneliness

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadis Rashno 1
  • Ali Syahmansouri 2
1 MS.c student in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran.
2 Ph.D. in Educational Psychology, Farhangian University, Khorramabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The purpose of the present study was to investigate structural equation modeling of nomophobia based on insecure attachment styles and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation with mediator role of loneliness. This was descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population of the research was 10089 female students of the second year of high school studying in the public schools of Khorramabad city in the academic year of 2023-2024. The sample size was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method, taking into account the loss of some respondents and taking into account the generalizability of the results, 400 people. Data collection tools include the nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) of Yildirim and Correia (2015), adult attachment inventory (AAI) of Hazen and Shaver (1987), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnefski & Kraaij (2006) and loneliness scale-version 3 (UCLA LS3) of Russell (1996). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equations modeling with SPSS and AMOS version 28. The results showed direct effect of insecure attachment styles and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were significant on nomophobia. Also, the results showed that loneliness had a mediating role in relationship between ambivalent attachment style (β=0.361 and sig=0.001), avoidant attachment style (β=0.322 and sig=0.001) and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (β=0.355 and sig=0.001) with nomophobia. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the relationship between these variables should be taken into consideration in interventions nomophobia in students. Therefore, according to these variables, programs can be planned for the prevention, intervention and control of nomophobia.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nomophobia
  • Attachment
  • Emotion Regulation
  • Loneliness
بحرایی، هادی؛ دلاور، علی؛ و احدی، حسن. (1385). هنجاریابی مقیاس احساس تنهایی (نسخه سوم) در جامعه دانشجویان مستقر در تهران. فصلنامه اندیشه و رفتار، 1 (1)، 18-6. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20101111133919-
بشارت، محمدعلی؛ گرانمایه­پور، شیوا؛ پورنقدعلی، علی؛ افقی، زهرا؛ حبیب نژاد، محمد؛ و آقایی ثابت، سیده سارا. (1393). رابطه ناگویی هیجانی و مشکلات بین شخصی: نقش تعدیل کننده سبک­های دلبستگی. نشریه روانشناسی معاصر، 9 (1)، 16-3. https://bjcp.ir/article-1-489-fa.pdf
خالق­خواه، علی؛ بابائی منقاری، محمدمهدی. (1393). رابطه سبک‌های دلبستگی و هوش معنوی با نگرش دینی دانش‌آموزان متوسطه‌ شهرستان آمل. نشریه دین و سلامت، 2 (2)، 9-1. https://jrh.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-172-fa.html
طباطبایی، سید حسین؛ جراره، جمشید؛ و جعفری، اصغر. (1402). نقش میانجی جهت گیری مذهبی در ارتباط بین راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان و اضطراب کرونا. مطالعات روان‌شناختی، 19 (2)، 130-117. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2023.43763.2787
عبدالهی، پریسا سادات؛ کامکار، علی؛ و خسروی، صدراله. (1402). اثربخشی رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک بر احساس تنهایی و اعتیاد اینترنتی در دانشجویان. نشریه علمی رویش روانشناسی، 12 (10)، 200-191. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-4596-fa.html
عظیمی، کامیار؛ شهینی ییلاق، منیجه؛ و خوشناموند، مهرداد. (1402). طراحی و آزمون مدل علّی رابطه بین هویت اخلاقی و قلدری با میانجیگری عدم التزام اخلاقی در نوجوانان ایرانی. پژوهش­های روانشناسی اجتماعی، 13 (52)، 30-13. https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2024.410580.1852
علیزاده، محسن؛ حسنی، محسن؛ میان بندی، گوهر؛ عاشوری، احمد. (1400). رواسازی و اعتباریابی پرسش‌نامه نوموفوبیا در نمونه ایرانی. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، 27 (2)، 247-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.27.2.3030.1
کلاه­کج، بنت الهدی؛ خلعتبری، جواد؛ صلاحیان، افشین؛ و نصرالهی، بیتا. (1402). پیش بینی نوموفوبیا بر اساس سبک های دلبستگی با نقش واسطه­ای احساس تنهایی در نوجوانان. نشریه خانواده درمانی کاربردی، 4 (3)، 144-125. https://www.aftj.ir/article_179139.html
محسن ­آبادی، حمید؛ و فتحی آشتیانی، علی. (1400). بررسی ویژگی‌‌های روانسنجی نسخه فارسی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه تنظیم هیجان شناختی. نشریه پایش، 20 (2)، 178-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/payesh.20.2.167
Aldwecat, S. H. S., Amarneh, B. H., & Al-majali, M. A. (2024). Prevalence And Impact Of Nomophobia On Academic Performance Among University Students: South Of Jordan. Migration Letters21 (3), 178-191. https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.51052
Armakolas, S., Lora, C., & Waligóra, A. (2024). Increased mobile phone use in high school students as a social problem under the dimension of addiction. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research4 (1), 911-919. https://doi.org/10.25082/AMLER.2024.01.002
Bartwal, J., & Nath, B. (2020). Evaluation of nomophobia among medical students using smartphone in north India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India76 (4), 451-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.03.001
Borawski, D., Wajs, T., Sojka, K., & Misztal, U. (2021). Interrelations between attachment styles, emotional contagion and loneliness. Journal of Family Issues42 (9), 2064-2082. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20966013
Bottaro, R., Valenti, G. D., & Faraci, P. (2023). Assessment of an Epidemic Urgency: Psychometric Evidence for the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1 (1), 2843-2855. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S406523
Bragazzi, N. L., Re, T. S., & Zerbetto, R. (2019). The relationship between nomophobia and maladaptive coping styles in a sample of Italian young adults: Insights and implications from a cross-sectional study. JMIR mental health6 (4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2196%2F13154
Canatar, F., & Bilge, Y. (2023). Attachment Styles, Sense of Identity and Interpersonal Problems as Predictors of Smartphone Addiction and Nomophobia. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 1 (2), 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/smryj.69106
Chen, X., Huang, Z., & Lin, W. (2022). The effect of emotion regulation on happiness and resilience of university students: the chain mediating role of learning motivation and target positioning. Frontiers in Psychology13 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029655
Coşkun, M., Kavaklı, M., & Türkmen, O. O. (2024). Exploring ostracism as a risk factor for smartphone addiction in young people: Resilience and nomophobia perspectives. Journal of Happiness and Health, (FirstView Articles), 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47602/johah.v4i1.66
Cui, M., Wang, S., Gao, Y., Hao, Y., & Dai, H. (2024). The effect of emotion regulation strategies on nomophobia in college students: The masking role of resilience. Heliyon10 (9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30075
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1977). SCL-90. Administration, scoring and procedures manual-I for the R (revised) version and other instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scales Series. Chicago: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. https://www.scirp.org/ (S (lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1656144
Ebrahimi, O., & Mohammadi, D. (2024). Relationship between attachment styles and nomophobia in medical students: A cross-sectional study. Research and Development in Medical Education13 (1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.34172/rdme.33202
Elamin, N. O., Almasaad, J. M., Busaeed, R. B., Aljafari, D. A., & Khan, M. A. (2024). Smartphone addiction, stress, and depression among university students. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health25 (1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101487
Eldesouky, L., Goldenberg, A., & Ellis, K. (2024). Loneliness and emotion regulation in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences221 (1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112566
Engelberg, E., & Sjöberg, L. (2004). Internet use, social skills, and adjustment. Cyberpsychology & behavior7 (1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820101
Ercengiz, M., Yildiz, B., Savci, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024). Differentiation of self, emotion management skills, and nomophobia among smartphone users: The mediating and moderating roles of intolerance of uncertainty. The Social Science Journal61 (2), 525-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1833148
Folwarczny, M., & Otterbring, T. (2021). Secure and sustainable but not as prominent among the ambivalent: Attachment style and proenvironmental consumption. Personality and Individual Differences183 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111154
Galhardo, A., Loureiro, D., Massano-Cardoso, I., & Cunha, M. (2023). Adaptation of the European Portuguese version of the nomophobia questionnaire for adolescents, factor structure and psychometric properties. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction21 (5), 2795-2812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00754-9
Galhardo, A., Loureiro, D., Raimundo, E., Massano-Cardoso, I., & Cunha, M. (2020). Assessing nomophobia: validation study of the European Portuguese version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire. Community Mental Health Journal56 (8), 1521-1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00600-z
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences41 (6), 1045-1053. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010
Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Sezen-Gultekin, G., & Ayas, T. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science4 (2), 358-374. https://www.ijres.net/index.php/ijres/article/view/227
Gupta, T., Sarkar, C., Rajshekhar, V., Chatterjee, S., Shirsat, N., Muzumdar, D., ... & Jalali, R. (2017). Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology consensus guidelines for the contemporary management of medulloblastoma. Neurology India65 (2), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.201841
Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology52 (3), 511-524. https://www.taylorfrancis.com
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56 (6), 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885
Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gómez-Vela, M., González-Gil, F., & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. Addiction research & theory15 (3), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701350247
Jones, J. D., Fraley, R. C., Ehrlich, K. B., Stern, J. A., Lejuez, C. W., Shaver, P. R., & Cassidy, J. (2018). Stability of attachment style in adolescence: An empirical test of alternative developmental processes. Child Development89 (3), 871-880. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12775
Justyna, M. K., & Zorana, I. (2023). Emotion regulation strategies and mental health symptoms during COVID-19: the mediating role of insomnia. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health36 (1), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.13075%2Fijomeh.1896.01977
Kara, M., Baytemir, K., & Inceman-Kara, F. (2021). Duration of daily smartphone usage as an antecedent of nomophobia: Exploring multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology40 (1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1673485
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Structural-Equation-Modeling/Rex-Kline/9781462551910
Liang, Y. (2024). Attachment Anxiety and Nomophobia: A Moderated Parallel Mediation Model. Psychological Reports, 1 (2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941241226907
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1996). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370294643851494273
Luo, Y., & Watts, M. (2024). Exploration of university students’ lived experiences of using smartphones for English language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning37 (4), 608-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2052904
Maldar, A. A., & Nayak, M. (2024). Examining the impact of emotional intelligence and attachment style on loneliness Alisha Azad Maldar* and Monalisa Nayak. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences18 (3), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.18.3.0369
Meneses, M. D. O., & Andrade, E. M. L. R. (2024). Relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and smartphone addiction in COVID-19 nursing students. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem32 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6764.4056
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-39233-000
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The Attachment Behavioral System in Adulthood: Activation, Psychodynamics, and Interpersonal Processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 35, pp. 53–152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601 (03)01002-5
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological inquiry18 (3), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V13.N1.03
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current opinion in psychology25 (1), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.006
Nguyen, T. V., Nguyen, Q. A. N., Nguyen, N. P., & Nguyen, U. B. (2024). Smartphone use, nomophobia, and academic achievement in Vietnamese high school students. Computers in Human Behavior Reports14 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100418
Primi, C., Garuglieri, S., Gori, C., Sanson, F., Giambi, D., Fogliazza, M., & Donati, M. A. (2024). Measuring problematic smartphone use in adolescents: psychometric properties of the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS-10) among Italian youth. Behaviour & Information Technology43 (7), 1416-1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2212816
Rahmah, A. A., Mustikawati, I. F., Septianawati, P., & Immanuel, G. (2024). Analysis of Factor Causing Nomophobia in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis Study. Jurnal Health Sains5 (4), 237-244. https://jurnal.healthsains.co.id/index.php/jhs/article/view/1258/1347
Ren, S., He, J., Liu, T., & Zhang, D. (2024). Exploring the relationship between college students’ adaptability and nomophobia. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1 (1), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2314755
Rizzo, A., & Alparone, D. (2024). Surfing Alone: From Internet Addiction to the Era of Smartphone Dependence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health21 (4), 436-445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040436
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of personality assessment, 66 (1), 20-40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Sætren, S. S., Hegelstad, W. T. V., Tjora, T., Hafstad, G. S., & Augusti, E. M. (2024). Validation of the short version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for adolescents in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1 (1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948231225616
Santl, L., Brajkovic, L., & Kopilaš, V. (2022). Relationship between nomophobia, various emotional difficulties, and distress factors among students. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education12 (7), 716-730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070053
Schmalbach, I., Franke, G. H., Häuser, W., Strauss, B., Petrowski, K., & Brähler, E. (2024). Attachment styles and healthcare utilization: exploring the role of the patient-doctor relationship. BMC Health Services Research24 (1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-10484-w
Schmidt, N., & Sermat, V. (1983). Measuring loneliness in different relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (5), 1038–1047. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1038
Sui, A., Sui, W., & Irwin, J. (2024). Exploring the prevalence of nomophobia in a Canadian university: An environmental scan. Journal of American College Health72 (4), 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2070712
Sun, Y., Yang, J., Li, M., & Liu, T. (2024). The association between neuroticism and nomophobia: Chain mediating effect of attachment and loneliness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction22 (1), 685-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00897-9
Terzi, H., Ayaz-Alkaya, S., & Köse-Kabakcıoğlu, N. (2024). Nomophobia and eHealth literacy among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing75 (1), 158-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.12.024
Thompson, A., & Pollet, T. V. (2024). An exploratory psychometric network analysis of loneliness scales in a sample of older adults. Current Psychology43 (6), 5428-5442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04697-9
Turan, Z., & Yılmaz, R. M. (2024). Do Personality Traits Influence Nomophobia? An Investigation of the Big Five Personality Traits and Nomophobia Levels in University Students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews13 (1), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V13.N1.03
Valenti, G. D., Bottaro, R., & Faraci, P. (2024). Effects of difficulty in handling emotions and social interactions on nomophobia: Examining the mediating role of feelings of loneliness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction22 (1), 528-542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00888-w
Vescan, M., Flack, M., & Caudwell, K. M. (2024). Loneliness and problematic pornography Use: What is the role of emotion regulation and interaction with content Creators?. Addictive Behaviors Reports19 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100550
Wang, Q. Q., Fang, Y. Y., Huang, H. L., Lv, W. J., Wang, X. X., Yang, T. T., ... & Zhang, Y. H. (2021). Anxiety, depression and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in Chinese nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Journal of Nursing Management29 (5), 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13265
Wardecker, B. M., Chopik, W. J., Moors, A. C., & Edelstein, R. S. (2020). Avoidant attachment style. In Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 345-351). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2015
Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior49 (1), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059