تدوین مدل ساختاری اعتیاد به بازی‌های اینترنتی بر اساس سیستم بازداری رفتاری با میانجی‌گری راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در نوجوانان شهر تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی عمومی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران.

چکیده

اختلال بازی اینترنتی به معنای استفاده مداوم و مکرر از اینترنت در راستای بازی است که به طور معناداری منجر به آشفتگی و نقص در کارکرد شود. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تدوین مدل ساختاری اعتیاد به بازی­‌های اینترنتی بر اساس سیستم­ بازداری رفتاری با میانجی‌‏گری راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در نوجوانان شهر تهران بود. روش این مطالعه توصیفی-همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری کلیه دانش­‌آموزان پسر دوره متوسطه دوم شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 1403-1402 بودند. حجم نمونه بر اساس نظر کلاین (2023) و با احتساب احتمال ریزش برخی نمونه و در جهت­ تعمیم‌­پذیری بیشتر نتایج، 500 نفر به روش نمونه‏‌گیری در دسترس (شیوه آنلاین) انتخاب شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌­­های پژوهش شامل آزمون اعتیاد به بازی‌­های اینترنتی (IGD-20 Test) پونتز و همکاران (2014)، مقیاس سیستم­ بازداری رفتاری (BIS Scale) کارور و وایت (1994) و فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه تنظیم­ شناختی هیجانی (CERQ) گرانفسکی و کرایج (2006) بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از همبستگی پیرسون و مدل­‌سازی معادلات ساختاری تحلیل شد. یافته­‌های پژوهش نشان داد که سیستم بازداری رفتاری و راهبردهای ناسازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان با اعتباد به بازی­‌های اینترنتی دارای رابطه مثبتِ معنادار در سطح 0/001 است. راهبردهای سازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان با اعتباد به بازی­‌های اینترنتی دارای رابطه منفیِ معنادار در سطح 0/001 است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در رابطه بین سیستم­ بازداری با اعتیاد به بازی‌‏های اینترنتی نقش میانجی و معنادار دارد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌شود که رابطة بین این متغیرها در مداخله‌های مرتبط با اعتیاد به بازی­‌های اینترنتی دانش‌­آموزان مورد توجه قرار گیرد و توجه به سیستم­ بازداری رفتاری و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان می‌­تواند نقش بسزایی در کاهش گرایش نوجوانان به بازی­­‌های اینترنتی داشته باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Development of Structural Model of Internet Game Addiction Based on Behavioral Inhibition System with Mediation Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation among Adolescents in Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Qmarsi Larijani 1
  • Seysd Abolghasem Mehrinejad 2
  • Nemat Sotodeh Asl 3
1 Ph.D. student in General Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Internet gaming disorder is explained as continuous and frequent use of the Internet in the gaming context, leading to significant distress and dysfunction. The purpose of the present study was to investigate development of a structural model of internet game addiction based on behavioral inhibition system with mediation role of cognitive emotion regulation among adolescents in Tehran. This was descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population was male students in Tehran city in year academic 2023-2024. The sample size was based on of Klein (2023) and taking into account the possibility of some samples falling and in order to generalize the results, 500 people were selected using convenience sampling method (online method). The sample size was selected and with random cluster sampling of 500 students. Data collection tools include the internet gaming disorder questionnaire (IGDQ) of Pontes and et al (2014), behavioral inhibition system scale (BIS Scale) of Carver & White (1994) and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnefski and Kraaij (2006). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equations modeling. The research results showed that behavioral inhibition system and maladaptive strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion has a significant positive relationship with internet game addiction andladaptive strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion has a significant negative relationship with with internet game addiction at the level of 0.01. The findings of the research showed that the behavioral inhibition system in a positive and meaningful way, maladaptive strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion in a positive and meaningful way, and adaptive strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion in a negative and meaningful way have a direct relationship with addiction to internet games. Also, the results showed that cognitive emotion regulation had a mediating role in relationship between behavioral inhibition systems with internet game addiction. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the relationship between these variables should be taken into consideration in interventions internet game addiction in students and attention to behavioral inhibition system and cognitive emotion regulation can play a significant role in reducing adolescent’s internet game addiction.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Behavioral Inhibition System
  • Adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation
  • Maleadaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation
  • Internet Game Addiction
سیدموسوی، پریساسادات؛ پوراعتماد، حمیدرضا؛ و قنبری، سعید. (1393). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس نظام‌های بازداری و فعال‌ساز رفتاری در نوجوانان ایرانی: مقایسه الگوهای دو و چهار عاملی این مقیاس. فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی روانشناسی کاربردی، 8(4)، 116-96. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1393.8.4.3.5
سیدموسوی، مهری؛ گرجی، معصومه، روحانی، نیره­السادات؛ و صمیمی، زبیر. (1400). نقش راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان و طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه در میزان استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی در دانش‌آموزان دختر. فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی خانواده و پژوهش، 18(1)، 86-69. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26766728.1400.18.1.4.3
عظیمی، کامیار؛ شهینی ییلاق، منیجه؛ و خوشناموند، مهرداد. (1402). طراحی و آزمون مدل علّی رابطه بین هویت اخلاقی و قلدری با میانجیگری عدم التزام اخلاقی در نوجوانان ایرانی. پژوهش­های روانشناسی اجتماعی، 13(52)، 30-13. https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2024.410580.1852
مجدی، هادی؛ عطادخت، اکبر؛ حضرتی، شیوا؛ و صبحی قراملکی، ناصر. (1399). مقایسه سیستم‌های مغزی / رفتاری و دشواری در تنظیم هیجان در دانشجویان با و بدون نشانگان بالینی اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت، 17(1)، 174-165. https://doi.org/10.22070/cpap.2020.2894
محسن­آبادی، حمید؛ و فتحی آشتیانی، علی. (1400). بررسی ویژگی‌‌های روانسنجی نسخه فارسی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه تنظیم هیجان شناختی. نشریه پایش، 20(2)، 178-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/payesh.20.2.167
میرز، لاورنس؛ گامست، گلن؛ و گارینو، ا.جی. (1399). پژوهش چندمتغیری کاربردی(طرح و تفسیر). ترجمه حسن پاشا شریفی، ولی الله فرزاد، سیمین دخت رضاخانی، بلال ایزانلو و مجتبی، حبیبی، تهران؛ نشر رشد(تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی 2016). https://www.roshdpress.ir/product-890-
هرنگ‌زا، محمد؛ حاجلو، نادر؛ و نریمانی، محمد؛ بشرپور، سجاد. (1402). طراحی و آزمون مدل ساختاری اعتیاد به بازی‌های آنلاین بر اساس سیستم‌های مغزی‌رفتاری و باورهای فراشناختی. مجله علمی پژوهان، 21(4)، 275-263. http://psj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-1035-fa.html
وحیدی، مریم؛ زمانزاده، وحید؛ موسوی، سعید؛ جانانی، راحله؛ و نامدار، حسین. (1398). روایی سنجی نسخه فارسی آزمون اختلال بازی اینترنتی-۲۰ در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تربت حیدریه، 7(1)، 26-15. http://jms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-660-fa.html
Achenbach, T. M. (2001). Manual for ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families. https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1855203
Almutairi, T. A., Almutairi, K. S., Ragab, K. M., Nourelden, A. Z., Assar, A., Matar, S., & Collaboration Team Albazee Ebraheem Klib Mohamad Hassan Zeina Mohammed. (2023). Prevalence of Internet gaming disorder and its association with psychiatric comorbidities among a sample of adults in three Arab countries. Middle East Current Psychiatry30(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43045-023-00280-x
American Psychiatric Association (2022) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5-TR, 5th, text revision edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
Andrade, L. I., Viñán-Ludeña, M. S., & Alvarado, J. (2022). Psychometric Validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 Test among Ecuadorian Teenagers and Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health19(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095109
Burkauskas, J., Griskova-Bulanova, I., Đorić, A., Balhara, Y. P. S., Sidharth, A., Ransing, R., ... & Stevanovic, D. (2022). Association of Internet gaming disorder symptoms with anxiety and depressive symptoms and substance use: An international cross-sectional study. Middle East Current Psychiatry29(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-022-00180-6
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology67(2), 319-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
Chamarro, A., Díaz-Moreno, A., Bonilla, I., Cladellas, R., Griffiths, M. D., Gómez-Romero, M. J., & Limonero, J. T. (2024). Stress and suicide risk among adolescents: the role of problematic internet use, gaming disorder and emotional regulation. BMC public health24(1), 326-337. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17860-z
Cheung, V. S. Y., Lo, J. C. Y., Chiu, D. K., & Ho, K. K. (2022). Evaluating social media’s communication effectiveness on travel product promotion: Facebook for college students in Hong Kong. Information Discovery and Delivery51(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-10-2021-0117
Cimino, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2018). A longitudinal study for the empirical validation of an etiopathogenetic model of internet addiction in adolescence based on early emotion regulation. BioMed research international1(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4038541
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1977). SCL-90. Administration, scoring and procedures manual-I for the R (revised) version and other instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scales Series. Chicago: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1656144
Dong, H., Zheng, H., Wang, M., Ye, S., & Dong, G. H. (2022). The unbalanced behavioral activation and inhibition system sensitivity in internet gaming disorder: Evidence from resting-state Granger causal connectivity analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry119(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110582
Forte, G., Favieri, F., Casagrande, M., & Tambelli, R. (2023). Personality and Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems in Behavioral Addiction: Analysis of Binge-Watching. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health20(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021622
Gao, L., Zhao, W., Chu, X., Chen, H., & Li, W. (2022). A network analysis of the relationships between behavioral inhibition/activation systems and problematic mobile phone use. Frontiers in Psychiatry13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.832933
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences41(6), 1045-1053. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010
Guerrini Usubini, A., Terrone, G., Varallo, G., Cattivelli, R., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., ... & Franceschini, C. (2022). The mediating role of emotion dysregulation and problematic Internet use in the relationship between negative affect and excessive daytime sleepiness: a structural equation model. Nature and Science of Sleep, 1(2), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.s346485
Gupta, K., Kumar, C., Deshpande, A., Mittal, A., Chopade, P., & Raut, R. (2024). Internet gaming addiction–a bibliometric review. Information Discovery and Delivery52(1), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-10-2022-0101
Harnett, P. H., Loxton, N. J., & Jackson, C. J. (2013). Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: Implications for psychopathology and psychological health. Personality and Individual Differences54(3), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.019
Ide, J. S., Li, H. T., Chen, Y., Le, T. M., Li, C. S., Zhornitsky, S., & Li, C. S. R. (2020). Gray matter volumetric correlates of behavioral activation and inhibition system traits in children: An exploratory voxel-based morphometry study of the ABCD project data. Neuroimage220(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117085
King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2016). The cognitive psychopathology of Internet gaming disorder in adolescence. Journal of abnormal child psychology44(1), 1635-1645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Structural-Equation-Modeling/Rex-Kline/9781462551910
Kökönyei, G., Kocsel, N., Király, O., Griffiths, M. D., Galambos, A., Magi, A., ... & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in problem gaming among adolescents: A nationally representative survey study. Frontiers in Psychiatry10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00273
Kökönyei, G., Kovács, L. N., Szabó, J., & Urbán, R. (2024). Emotion regulation predicts depressive symptoms in adolescents: A prospective study. Journal of youth and adolescence53(1), 142-158. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10964-023-01894-4
Kuan, C. S., Liu, Q. Y., Xu, G. M., Zhou, H. Y., Nie, J. H., & Yan, C. (2024). Diminished hedonic capacity in social activities as a mediator of the link between dysfunctional behavioral activation system and depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Psychiatry15(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337847
Kumari, R., Ranjan, J. K., & Verma, S. (2024). Psychometric Properties of the Hindi Version of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scale. Psychological Test Adaptation and Development, 5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1027/2698-1866/a000069
Kuss, D. J., Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Neurobiological correlates in internet gaming disorder: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in psychiatry9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00166
Levine, M., & Perkins, D. V. (1980, September). Tailor making life events scale. In meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal. https://dokumen.tips/documents/self-complexity-as-a-cognitive-buffer-against-stress-related-2017-11-16-journal.html?page=1
Lin, P. Y., Lin, H. C., Lin, P. C., Yen, J. Y., & Ko, C. H. (2020). The association between emotional regulation and internet gaming disorder. Psychiatry Research289(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113060
Lindenberg, K., Kindt, S., & Szász-Janocha, C. (2022). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy–based intervention in preventing gaming disorder and unspecified internet use disorder in adolescents: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA network open5(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2021.48995
Liu, C., Fang, M., Wang, M., Wu, Y., Chen, W., & Cheng, Y. (2024). The Effects of Peer Competition-Induced Anxiety on Massive Open Online Course Learning: The Mediating Role of the Behavioral Inhibition System. Behavioral Sciences14(4), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040324
Manesh, S. E., & Kulemarzi, M. J. B. (2024). Inhibition and activation systems of behavior and suicide mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health, 1(2), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v18i1.15437
Mears, L. S., Gamest, G., & Garin, A. J. (2012). Applied multivariate research. Translators: Hasanpasha Sharifi, Simin Dukht Reza Khani, Hamid Reza Hassanabadi, Bilal Isanlou and Mojtaba Habibi). Tehran: Growth Publishing. (In Persian) https://www.roshdpress.ir/product-890-
Mestre-Bach, G., Fernandez-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2022). Exploring Internet gaming disorder: an updated perspective of empirical evidence (from 2016 to 2021). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152319
Mittal, A., Bhandari, H., & Chand, P.K. (2022). Anticipated positive evaluation of social media posts: social return, revisit intention, recommend intention and mediating role of memorable tourism experience. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16(1), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJCTHR-12-2020-0287.
Pallavicini, F., Pepe, A., & Mantovani, F. (2022). The effects of playing video games on stress, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and gaming disorder during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: PRISMA systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking25(6), 334-354. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0252
Pape, M., Reichrath, B., Bottel, L., Herpertz, S., Kessler, H., & Dieris-Hirche, J. (2022). Alexithymia and internet gaming disorder in the light of depression: A cross-sectional clinical study. Acta Psychologica229(2), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103698
Pettorruso, M., Valle, S., Cavic, E., Martinotti, G., di Giannantonio, M., & Grant, J. E. (2020). Problematic Internet use (PIU), personality profiles and emotion dysregulation in a cohort of young adults: trajectories from risky behaviors to addiction. Psychiatry research289(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in human behavior45(1), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
Pontes, H. M., Kiraly, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: The development of the IGD-20 Test. PloS one9(10), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110137
Pontes, H. M., Rumpf, H. J., Selak, Š., & Montag, C. (2024). Investigating the interplay between gaming disorder and functional impairments in professional esports gaming. Scientific Reports14(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56358-x
Sætren, S. S., Hegelstad, W. T. V., Tjora, T., Hafstad, G. S., & Augusti, E. M. (2024). Validation of the short version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for adolescents in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948231225616
Safaee, M., & Shokri, O. (2014). Assessing Stress in Cancer Patients: Factorial Validity of the Perceived Stress Scale in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2 (1), 13-22. (In Persian) http://ijpn.ir/article-1-283-fa.html
Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., Ramírez-Maestre, C., López-Martínez, A. E., Esteve, R., Ruiz-Párraga, G. T., & Jensen, M. P. (2018). Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and emotional regulation in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Frontiers in Psychiatry9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00394
Seyed Mousavi, P.S., Pouretemad, H.R., & Ghanbari, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems scale in Iranian adolescents: Comparison of two factorial models. Applied Psychology8(4), 96-116. (In Persian) https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1393.8.4.3.5
Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry55(6), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior113(1), 1-10. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106480
Sun, J., Luo, Y., Chang, H., Zhang, R., Liu, R., Jiang, Y., & Xi, H. (2020). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in BIS/BAS Sensitivities, Depression, and Anxiety Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in China. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13(1), 939–948.  https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S269874
Vahidi, M., Zamanzadeh, V., Musavi, S., Janani, R., Namdar Areshtanab, H. (2019). (2019). Validation of the Persian version of the internet gaming disorder-20 Test among the students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, 7(1), 26-15. (In Persian) http://jms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-660-fa.html
Vargas, T., Maloney, J., Gupta, T., Damme, K. S., Kelley, N. J., & Mittal, V. A. (2019). Measuring facets of reward sensitivity, inhibition, and impulse control in individuals with problematic Internet use. Psychiatry research275(1), 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.032
Wang, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, L., & Zhang, P. (2022). Anxiety, depression, and stress are associated with internet gaming disorder during COVID-19: fear of missing out as a mediator. Frontiers in psychiatry13(1), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827519
Wang, Y., Wu, L., Zhou, H., Lin, X., Zhang, Y., Du, X., & Dong, G. (2017). Impaired executive control and reward circuit in Internet gaming addicts under a delay discounting task: independent component analysis. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience267(1), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0721-6
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Wichstrøm, L., Stenseng, F., Belsky, J., von Soest, T., & Hygen, B. W. (2019). Symptoms of internet gaming disorder in youth: predictors and comorbidity. Journal of abnormal child psychology47(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0422-x
Xiang, H., Tian, X., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., Potenza, M. N., & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship between behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems, impulsiveness, and internet gaming disorder among students of different ages. Frontiers in Psychiatry11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.560142
Yang, X., Jiang, X., Wu, A. M., Ma, L., Cai, Y., Wong, K. M., & Lau, J. T. (2023). Validation of the internet gaming disorder symptoms checklist based on the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in Chinese adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development54(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01213-7
Zhang, L., Han, J., Liu, M., Yang, C., & Liao, Y. (2024). The prevalence and possible risk factors of gaming disorder among adolescents in China. BMC psychiatry24(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12888-024-05826-9
Zhang, Z., Lin, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, G., Hou, X., Pan, Z., & Dai, B. (2022). Relationship between behavioral inhibition/activation system and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The mediating effects of intolerance of uncertainty and self-control and gender differences. Frontiers in Public Health10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1047036