Relationship Between School Bonding; Social Competence and Student Bullying through the Mediating Role of Empathy

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student in Educational Psychology, Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan

2 Professor, Department of Psychology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan

3 Associate Professor, Department of Educational Psychology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between school bonding ; social competence and students’ bullying through the mediating role of empathy. It was conducted by a comparitive method . The study population was  male and female high school students in Buinzahra city in the academic year of 2019-2020. Using multy stage random cluster method 274 students were selected.They were assess by . The research instruments were Illinois Bullying Questionnaire (2001), Jantila et al. Social Competence Self-Report Scale (2006), Springer et al. Student Relationship Scale (2009), and Richard et al. Empathy Scale (2017). The hypothetical model of the research was tested by path analysis using Lisrel 8.50 software. Findings indicated that school bonding, social competence, and empathy had direct effect on bullying. Moreover, social competence had direct effect on empathy, and indirect effect on bullying through empathy. Besides, school bonding had no direct effect on empathy. However, the results showed that the proposed model had goodness of fit. Conseqoently , it is suggested that in designing and implementing student bullying reduction programs, in addition to teaching empathy to the students, paying attention to the development of their social competence and school bonding are considered necessary.

Keywords


الف. منابع داخلی
احمدی، نسیم؛ طالع­پسند، سیاوش و رحیمیان­بوگر، اسحق (1398). رابطه امید و رضایت از زندگی با قلدری و قربانی شدن دانش­آموزان با نقش میانجی ارتباط با مدرسه: یک مدل تحلیل مسیر. مجله دانشکده بهداشت و انستیتو تحقیقات بهداشتی، دوره 17، شماره اول، صفحه 14-1.
اکبری بلوطبنگان، افضل و طالع­پسند، سیاوش (1393). ویژگی­های روان­سنجی مقیاس قلدری هارتر در مدارس ابتدایی سمنان. مجله دانشکده بهداشت و انستیتوتحقیقات بهداشتی، دوره 12، شماره 4، صفحات 13-28.
بیرامی، منصور؛ هاشمی، تورج؛ فتحی­آذر، اسکندر و علائی، پروانه(1391). قلدری سنتی و سایبری در نوجوانان دختر مدارس راهنمایی: نقش کیفیت ارتباط معلم- دانش­آموز. فصل­نامه روان­شناسی تربیتی، 26، 78-51.
توکلی­زاده، جهانشیر؛ زنگنه­فر، ابراهیم؛ صفرزاده، سمیه(1396). اثربخشی آموزش شایستگی اجتماعی بر افزایش عزت­نفس و کاهش کمرویی دانش­آموزان با ناتوانی­های متعدد شهرستان فاین. نشریه پرستاری کودکان، دوره 4، شماره4.
عارفی، مژگان و لطیفیان، مرتضی(1390). بررسی نقش همدلی و باورهای ماکیاولیستی در کفایت و عدم کفایت اجتماعی دانش­آموزان نه تا دوازده ساله. دو فصلنامه مطالعات آموزش و یادگیری، شماره 60، صص 61-82.
علامه، عاطفه؛ شهنی ییلاق، منیجه؛ حاجی­یخچالی، علیرضا و مهرابی زاده هنرمند، مهناز (1394). مقایسه خودکارآمدی در تعامل با همسالان و شایستگی اجتماعی در دانش­آموزان پسر با رفتارهای پرخاشگرانه و عادی. دوفصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی شناخت اجتماعی، سال چهارم، شماره2،(پیاپی).
فرحان­فر، محبوبه؛ نادی، محمدعلی و مولوی، حسین(1394). تاثیر تعهد دینی، دلبستگی دینی و همدلی بر پرخاشگری در بین دانش­آموزان مقطع دبیرستان. مجله پژوهش­های علوم شناختی و رفتاری، شماره 8، صص 80-67.
کراهه، باربارا (1394). پرخاشگری از دیدگاه روان­شناسی اجتماعی (جلد اول). تهران: نشر جامعه­شناسان.
گلستان­جهرمی، فاطمه؛ شهنیی ییلاق، منیجه؛ بهروزی، ناصر و امیدیان، مرتضی (1396). بررسی تاثیر آموزش برنامه پیشگیری از قلدری بر سازگاری، همدلی و قلدری دانش­آموزان دختر دوره اول متوسطه شهر اهواز. دوفصلنامه راهبردهای شناختی در یادگیری، سال پنجم، شماره هشتم.
محسن­زاده، فرشاد؛ عارفی، مختار و افطاری، شکوه (1394). رابطه رفتار زورگویی با عوال فردی، خانوادگی، و ادراک از محیط مدرسه در دانش­آموزان دوره­ی راهنمایی. فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی، دوره نهم، شماره دوم.
محمدپور، فاطمه؛ هاشمی، تورج؛ ماشینچی عباسی، نعیمه و خانجانی، زینب (1394). تجربه­ی غفلت و رفتارهای قلدری: نقش واسطه­ای همدلی. مجموعه مقالات پنجمین کنگره روان­شناسی معاصر.
واحدی، شهرام و فتحی­آذر، اسکندر (1385). آموزش کفایت اجتماعی در کاهش پرخاشگری پسران پیش دبستانی: گزارش 6 مورد. فصلنامه اصول بهداشت روانی، سال هشتم، شماره سی و یکم و سی و دوم، صفحه 131-140.
وزیری، شهرام و لطفی عظیمی، افسانه(1390). تاثیر آموزش همدلی در کاهش پرخاشگری نوجوانان. فصلنامه روان­شناسی تحولی، شماره 30، صص 175-167.
ب. منابع خارجی
 
Ang, R.P., Chong, W.H., Huan, V.S., Quek, C.L., & Yeo, L.S. (2008). Teacher-Student Relationship Inventory: Testing for invariance across upper elementary and junior high samples. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessmen, 26(4), 339-49.
Bayraktar, F. (2012). Bullying among adolescents in North Cyprus and Turkey: Testing a multifactor model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(6), 1040-1065.
Carlo, G., Mestre, M.V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B.E. (2011). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 116–124.
Catalano, R.F., Haggerty, K.P., Oesterle, S., Fleming, C.B., & Hawkins, J.D. (2004). The importance of bonding to school for healthy development: Findings from the social development research group. Journal of School Health, 74 (7), 252-261.
Chen, J.K., Avi Astor, R. (2010). School violence in Taiwan: Examining how Western risk factors predict school violence in an Asian culture. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(8), 1388-410.
Cook, C.R., Gresham, F.M., Kern, L., Barreras, R.B., Thornton, S., & Crews, S.D. (2008). Social skills training for secondary students with emotional and/or behavioral disorders: A review and analysis of the meta-analytic literature. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 16(3), 131-144.
Del Rey, R., Lazuras, L., Casas, J.A., Barkoukis, V., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2016). Does empathy predict (cyber) bullying perpetration, and how do age, gender and nationality affect this relationship?. Learning and Individual Differences, 45, 275-281.
Del Rey, R., Lazuras, L., Casas, J.A., Barkoukis, V., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2015). “Doesempathy predict (cyber) bullying perpetration, and how do age, gender and nationality affect this relationship?”. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 1-7.
DeVoe, J.F., & Kaffenberger, S. (2005). Student reports of bullying: Results from 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Dupper, D.R., & Meyer-Adams, N. (2002). Low-Level Violence: A Neglected Aspect of School Culture. Journal of Urban Education, 37 (4), 350−364.
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T.L., &  Sadovsky, A. (2006).  Empathy-related responding in children, in Handbook of Moral Development, eds Killen M., Smetana J. G. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; ), 517–549.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R.A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg, Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 701–778). New York: Wiley.
Eith, C.A. (2005). Delinquency, Schools, and the Social Bond. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC.
Elliott, S.N., Hwang, Y.S., & Wang, J. (2019). Teachers' ratings of social skills and problem behaviors as concurrent predictors of students' bullying behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 60, 119-126.
Espelage, D.L., Low, S., Polanin, J.R., & Brown, E.C. (2015). Clinical trial of Second Step middle-school program: Impact on aggression & victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 37, 52-63.
Espelage, D.L., & Holt, M.K. (2001). Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Peer influences and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2(2/3), 123-142.
Farrington, D.P., & Ttofi, M.M. (2009). How to reduce school bullying.Victims & Offenders, 4(4), 321–326.
Frey, K.S., Hirschstein, M.K., & Guzzo, B.K. (2000). “Second step: Preventing aggression by promoting social competence”. Journal of Emotional andBehavioral Disorder, 8, 102-112.
Gano-Overway, L.A. (2013). “Exploring the connections between caring and social behaviors in physical education”. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84, 104-114.
Georgiou, S.N., & Stavrinides, P. (2012). “Social-psychological profiles of early adolescents involved in bullying activities”. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 1, 60-68.
Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera-Félix, E.M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2017). Multidimensionality of social competence: Measurement of the construct and its relationship with bullying roles. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 22(1), 37-44.
Gordon, M. (2003). Roots of empathy: responsive, parenting caring societies. Roots of empathy program, 52 (4), 236 – 243. 
Gresham, F.M., Van, M.B., & Cook, C.R. (2006). Social skills training for teaching replacement behaviors: Remediating acquisition deficits in at-risk students. Behavioral Disorders, 31(4), 363-377.
Halberstadt, A.G., Denham, S.A., & Dunsmor, J.C. (2001). Affective social competence. Published by Blackwell Publisher.
Hanish, L.D., Ryan, P., Martin, C.L., & Fabes, R.A. (2005). The Social Context of Young Children's Peervictimization. Journal of Social Development, 14, (2), 2−19.
Hawley, P.H.,  Little, T.D., &  Pasupathi, M. (2002). “Winning friends and influencing peers: Strategies of peer influence in late childhood”. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(5), 466-474.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D.P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior,  9(5), 441-476.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D.P. (2011). “Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables?”. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 59-71.
Jones, K.M., Champion, P.R., Woodward, L.J. (2013). Social competence of preschool children born very preterm. Journal of Early Human Development, 89(10), 795-802. DOI: 10.1016/ j.earlhumdev.2013.06.008 PMID: 23870752.
Junttila, N. (2010). Social competence and loneliness during the school years. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Turku, Finland. 
Junttila, N., Voeten, M., Kaukiainen, A., & Vauras, M. (2006). Multisource assessment of children's social competence. Educational and psychological measurement, 66(5), 874-895.
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Pelletier, M.E. (2008). Teachers' Views and Beliefs about Bullying: Influences on Classroom Management Strategies and Students' Coping with Peer Victimization. Journal of School Psychology,  46 (3), 431–453.
Kokkinos, C.M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). “The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents”. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 41-58.
Konishi, C., Hymel, S., Zumbo, B.D., Li, Z. (2010). Do school bullying and student—teacher relationships matter for academic achievement? A multilevel analysis. Canadian journal of school psychology, 25(1), 19-39.
Lianos, P.G. (2015). Parenting and social competence in school: The role of preadolescents' personality traits. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 109-20. DOI: 10.1016/j. adolescence.2015.03.006 PMID: 25840002.
Malti, T.,  & Perren, S. (2011). Social competence.  Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2, 332-340.
Marsh, L., McGee, R., & Williams, S. (2014). School Climate and Aggression among New Zealand High School Students.  New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 28-37.
Meehan, B.T., Hughes, J. N., & Cavell. T. A. (2003). Teacher–student relationships as compensatory resources for aggressive children. Child development, 74(4), 1145-57.
Meehan, B.T., Hughes, J.N., & Cavell, T. A. (2003). Teacher–student relationships as compensatory resources for aggressive children. Child development, 74(4), 1145-57.
Miller, P.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological bulletion, 103, 324.
Mitsopoulou, E., & Giovazolias, T. (2015). “Personality traits, empathy and bullying behavior: A meta analytic approach”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 61-72.
Modecki, K.L., Minchin. J., Harbaugh, A.G., Guerra, N.G., & Runions, K.C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602-611.
Mohebbi, M., Mirnasab, M., & Wiener, J. (2016). Parental and school bonding in Iranian adolescent perpetrators and victims of bullying. School Psychology International, In press.
Murray-Harvey, R., & Slee, P.T. (2010). School and home relationships and their impact on school bullying. School Psychology International, 31(3), 271-295.
Nel, A.J. (2006). The relationship between direct and indirect aggression and social competence among three cultural group in south Africa. Master of Science (Psychology), Stellenbosch University.
Olweus, D. (2012). Bullying at school and later criminality; finding from three Swedish community samples of males. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 21(2), 151-6.
Orpinas, P., Horne, A.M., & Staniszewski, D. (2003). School bullying: Changing the problem by changing the school. School Psychology Review, 32(3), 431-444.
Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2015).  Short-term longitudinal relationships between adolescents’ (cyber) bullying perpetration and bonding to school and teachers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1-11.
Papanikolaou, M., Chatzikosma, T., & Kleio, K. (2011). Bullying at School: The role of family. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 433-442.
Petrie, K. (2014). The Relationship between School Climate and Student Bullying. Teach  Journal of Christian Education, 8(1), 26-35.
Pugliese, G.V. (2014). Social-emotional processing and bullying behavior. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of the Philosophy, University of Calgary.
Richaud, M.C., Lemos, V.N., Mesurado, B., & Oros, L. (2017). Construct Validity and Reliability of a New Spanish Empathy Questionnaire for Children and Early Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00979 .
Rockhill, C.M., Vander Stoep, A., McCauley, E., & Katon, W.J. (2009). “Social competence and social support as mediators between comorbid depressive and conduct problems andfunctional outcomes in middle school children”. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 535-553.
Sangeeta, M., Shanti, B., & Shakuntla, P. (2006). “Socio-emotional behaviors and social problem solving skills of 6-8 years old children”. Social Science Journal, 12(1), 55-58.
Sekol, I., & Farrington, D.P. (2016). Psychological and background correlates of bullying in adolescent residential care. Journal of  Social Work, 16, 429-452.
Springer, A.S., McQueen, A., Quintanilla, G., Arrivillaga, A., & Ross, M.W. (2009). Relliability and validity of the student perceptions of school cohesion scale in a sample of Salvadoran secondary school students. Biomedical Central International Health and Human Rights, 9, 30-38.
Swearer, S.M., Espelage, D.L., Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2010). What can be done about school bullying? Linking research to educational practice. Educational Researcher, 39(1), 38–47.
Swearer, S.M., Wang, C., Maag, J.W., Siebecker, A.B., & Freerichs, L.J. (2012). Understanding the bullying dynamic among students in special and general education. Journal of School Psychology, (50), 503-520.
Swearer, S., & Doll, B. (2001). Bullying in schools: An ecological framework. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2(2 & 3), 7–23.
Totsika, V., Hastings, R.P., Emerson, E., Berridge, D.M., & Lancaster, G.A. (2015). “Prosocial skills in young children with autism, and their mothers’ psychological well-being: Leongitudinal relationships”. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 13-14, 25-31.
Vahedi, SH., Farrokhi, F., & Farajian, F. (2012). “Social competence and behavior problems in preschool children”. Journal of Psychiatry,7(3), 126-134.
Wienke-Totura, C.M., McKinnon-Lewis, C., Gesten, E.L., Gadd, R., Divine, K.P., Dunham, S., & Kamboukos, D. (2009). Bullying and victimization among boys and girls in middle school. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(4), 571-609.
Wilson, D. (2004). The interface of school climate and school connectedness and relationships with aggression and victimization. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 293-299.
Yeo, L.S., Ang, R.P., Loh, S., Fu, K.J., & Karre, J.K. (2011). The role of affective and cognitive empathy in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression of a Singaporean sample of boys. Journal of Psychology, 145 (4), 313-330.
You, S., Furlong, M.J., Felix, E., Sharkey, J.D., Tanigawa, D., Green, J.G. (2008). Relations among school connectedness, hope, life satisfaction, and bully victimization. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 446-60.
Zaykowski, H., & Gunter, W. (2012). Youth victimization: School climate or deviant lifestyles? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 431-452.