The Study of Ego Strength, Object Relations Patterns and Attitudes toward Childbearing with Mediating Role of Gender Roles Attitude

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Msc, Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of gender roles attitude in the relationship between Ego strength, object relations patterns and attitudes toward childbearing in women. The present research is the correlation study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was married women who had fertility and were referred to health centers in Mashhad-Iran since the beginning of the study. Finally, the number of 230 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling as the research sample. Data collection tools included the Bell Object Relations Pattern Questionnaire (1995), The Markstrom Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strength (1997), the Walter Attitude to Gender Role Questionnaire (2018), and the Söderberg-Christensson Attitudes toward Childbearing Questionnaire (2013). Statistical analysis of data was performed using Smart PLS 3 software. Findings showed that ego strength, insecure attachment and egocentrism have the ability to predict negative attitudes toward childbearing both directly and indirectly through gender roles attitude. Thus, the negative attitudes toward childbearing are influenced by ego strength and object relationship patterns and gender roles attitude. Lack of differentiation of attitudes toward gender roles (egalitarian and traditional) in predicting negative attitudes toward childbearing can be a sign of the common impact of environmental- social factors on childbearing.

Keywords


باعزت، ف. احمدی قوزلوچه، الف. مرزبانی، ی. کریمی، ع. آذرنیوشان، ب (1396). برسی ویژگی‌های روانسنجی نسخه‌ی فارسی مقیاس نگرش به باروری و فرزندآوری. مجله‌ی دانشکده‌ی پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه، ۱۵(۱)، ۳۷-۴۷.
پیلتن، ف و رحمانیان، م (1394). بررسی جامعه شناختی عوامل موثر بر تمایل به فرزندآوری زنان و مردان متاهل، مجله‌ی مطالعات توسعه‌ی اجتماعی ایران، 7 (2)، ۱۸-۳۳.
تجویدی، م و دهقان نیری، ن (۱۳۹۵). تجربه ی معنویت در بارداری: مطالعه ی بارداری، مجله‌ی دانشکده ی پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه، ۱۴ (۸)، ۶۷۴- ۶۸۱.
جمیل، ل. عاطف وحید، م. دهقانی، م. حبیبی، م (1394). سلامت روان از دیدگاه روان‌پویشی: رابطه توانمندی ایگو، سبک‌های دفاعی و روابط ابژه با سلامت. مجله‌ی روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، ۲۱ (۲)، ۱۴۴-۱۵۴.
خلج آبادی فراهانی، ف (۱۳۹۶). نقش نگرش و تقسیم کار جنسیتی در ترجیحات و نیات باروری زنان و مردان شهر تهران، دو فصلنامه‌ی ایرانی مطالعات جمعیتی، 3 (1)، 95-129.
خلـج آبادی فراهـانی، ف. سـرایی، ح (1392). قـصد تـک‌فرزنـدی و تعیین کننـده‌هـای ان در زنـان و مـردان در شـرف ازدواج در تهـران، فـصلنامه مطالعات جمعیتی، 1 (1)، 61-86.
دراهکی، الف (۱۳۹۴). عوامل تغیین کننده‌ی باروری ایده آل زنان: مطالعه‌ی باروری ایده آل زنان ۱۵ تا ۴۹ ساله دارای همسر شهر نسیم شهر در سال ۱۳۹۳، مجله‌ی علوم پزشکی رازی، ۲۲ (۱۴۱)، ۵۹-۶۰.
رحمتیان، ف. هاشمیان، س. برجعلی، ا. حبیبی، م (۱۳۹۴)، رابطه‌ی ادراک فرد از والدگری پدر با روابط موضوعی و مکانیزم ‌دفاعی، مجله‌ی طب انتظامی، 5(1)، ۱۷-۳۰.
ریاحی، محمداسماعیل (۱۳۸۶) عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر میزان پذیرش کلیشه‌های جنسیتی: مطالعه ‌موردی: جوانان کارآموز در مراکز آموزشی فنی و حرفه‌ای استان مازندران، پژوهش زنان، 5 (1).
زاهدی، م. دریس، ف (۱۳۹۳). بررسی کیفیت زندگی در زنان باردار ،دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد، مجله بالینی پرستاری و مامایی، 3(3)، ۶۳-۶۹.
سالاری، پ. بنفشه، الف. حبرانی، پ. جباری نوقابی، چ (1388). برسی ارتباط خستگی مادر با فسردگی پس از زایمان. مجله‌ی اصول بهداشت روانی، ۱۱(۴)، ۳۰۲-۳۱۱.
فلاح زاده، ه. هاشمی گشنیگانی، ر. صادقی، م و میرزایی، م (۱۳۹۵). مقایسه‌ی روابط ابژه و ادراک از رابطه با پدر در افراد متقاضی و غیرمتقاضی طلاق، پژوهش‌های روانشناسی بالینی و مشاوره، ۶(۱)، ۴۴-۵۹.
فلاح، م. مشتاق، ن. دولتشاهی، ب. میرابزاده، آ (1398). برسی همبستگی ابعاد مختلف خشم با افسردگی زنان با میانجی‌گری روابط ابژه‌ای و توانمندی ایگو. نشریه ی مدیریت ارتقای سلامت، ۸(۳)، ۶۰-۶۷.
هادی‌نژاد، ح. ‌طباطباییان، م و ‌دهقانی، م (1393). بررسی مقدماتی روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه روابط موضوعی و واقعیت‌آزمایی بِل، مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، 20 (2)، 163-169.
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A (1995). Changes in gender role attitudes and perceived marital quality. American Sociological Review, 60, 58-66.
 Aydin Ozkan, S., & Kucukkelepce, D. S. (2019). Do university students' personality traits affect their attitudes towards gender roles? Perspectives in psychiatric care, 55(4), 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12375
Baezzat, F., Ahmadi, G. A., Marzbani, Y., Karimi, A., & Azarnioshan, B. (2017). A study of psychometric properties of Persian version of attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac, 15(1). [in Persian]
Bell, M. D. (2007). Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory: BORRTI. Western Psychological Services.
Bergnéhr, D., & Bernhardt, E. (2011). The non-modern child? Ambivalence about parenthood among young adults in Sweden. http://www.ncbi. Nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3346159/.
Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robinson, J. P (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social forces79(1), 191-228.
Bjorgo, L. (2003). Current attachment styles and attitudes toward motherhood of female college students (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University).
Blair, I. V., Steiner, J. F., & Havranek, E. P. (2011). Unconscious (implicit) bias and health disparities: where do we go from here? The Permanente Journal15(2), 71.
Blair, S. L. (1993). Employment, family, and perceptions of marital quality among husbands and wives. Journal of family issues, 14(2), 189-212. 
Carlson, R. (1970). Sex differences in ego functioning: Exploratory studies of agency and communion, Educational Testing Service, New Jersey, April 1970, vol 1, p:2-15.
Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child Development, 59, 121-134.
Chhansiya, B. M., & Jogsan, Y. A. (2015). Ego Strength and Anxiety among Working and Non-working Women. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2, 1623.
Cooke, A., Mills, T. A., & Lavender, T. (2012). Advanced maternal age: Delayed childbearing is rarely a conscious choice: A qualitative study of women's views and experiences. International journal of nursing studies49(1), 30-39.
Cummings, E. M., & Cicchetti, D (1993). Toward a Transactional Model of Relations between Attachment and Depression. Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 339.
Cunningham, M., Beutel, A. M., Barber, J. S., & Thornton, A (2005). Reciprocal relationships between attitudes about gender and social contexts during young adulthood. Social Science Research34(4), 862-892.
De Carli, P., Tagini, A., Sarracino, D., Santona, A., Bonalda, V., Cesari, P. E., & Parolin, L. (2016). Like grandparents, like parents: empirical evidence and psychoanalytic thinking on the transmission of parenting styles. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic82(1), 46-70.
Derahaki A. (2015). The determinants of female ideal fertility: the ideal fer tility study for married women aged 15 to 49 of Nasim Shahr city in 2014. Razi Med J. 22(141), 59–69.
Dion, K. K. (1995). Delayed parenthood and women's expectations about the transition to parenthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development18(2), 315-333.
Falahzadeh, H., Hashemi Gashnigani, R., Sadegh, M., Mirzaee, M. (2016). [The Comparison of Object Relations and Relation with Father in Divorce Demanding and Non-Demanding Indivioals]. Journal of Research in Clinical Psychologi and Counseling, 6 (1) 44 To 59. [in Persian]
Falk, E. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). The neural bases of attitudes, evaluation, and behavior change: Emily B. Falk and Matthew D. Lieberman. In The Neural Basis of Human Belief Systems (pp. 85-108). Psychology Press.
Fallah, M. Moshtagh, N. Dolatshahi, B. Mirabzadeh, A. Correlation between Different Dimensions of Anger and Depression in Women by Mediating Objectives and Capabilities of Igo. Journal of Health Promotion Management (JHPM). 2019, 8(3), 60-67. [in Persian]
Fan, P. L., & Marini, M. M (2000). Influences on gender-role attitudes during the transition to adulthood. Social Science Research29(2), 258-283.
Faulkner, R. A. (2002). Gender-related influences on marital satisfaction and marital conflict over time for husbands and wives (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia).
Fraser, E. J. P. (1994). Problems of gender in university mathematics. British educational research journal20(2), 147-154.
Gjerdingen, D. K., & Center, B. A (2005). First-time parents' postpartum changes in employment, childcare, and housework responsibilities. Social Science Research34(1), 103-116.
Govorun, O., Fuegen, K., & Payne, B. K. (2006). Stereotypes focus defensive projection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin32(6), 781-793.
Hadinezhad H, Tabatabaeian M, Dehghani, M. (2014). ‌‌‌‌‌A Preliminary Study for Validity and Reliability of Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory. IJPCP. 20 (2), 163-169. [in Persian]
Hartman, H. (1964). Comments on the psychoanalytic theory of the ego (1955), in “. Essays on Ego Psychology. New York: International Universities Press. pp113-141.
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin31(10), 1369-1385.
Jamil, L., Atef Vahid, M., Dehghani, M., & Habibi, M. (2015). The mental health through psychodynamic perspective: The relationship between the ego strength, the defense styles, and the object relations to mental health. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology21(2), 144-154. [in Persian]
Katz-Wise, S. L., Priess, H. A., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). Gender-role attitudes and behavior across the transition to parenthood. Developmental psychology46(1), 18.
Kaufman, G., & Bernhardt, E. (2014). Gender, work and childbearing: Couple analysis of work adjustments after the transition to parenthood. Community, Work & Family18(1), 1-18.
Keiley, M. K., & Seery, B. L. (2001). Affect regulation and attachment strategies of adjudicated and non-adjudicated adolescents and their parents. Contemporary family therapy23(3), 343-366.
Khalajabadi Farahani F, Saraie, H. (2013). Intention for single child among new cohort of marriage in Tehran, Levels and Determinants, Journal of Population Studies; Vol. 1, PP. 61-85. [in Persian]
Khalajabadi Farahani, F. (2012). Norms, Intention and conduct of married men and women on having single child and associated socio-economic factors, Principal Investigator. [in Persian]
 Lavertue, N. E., Kumar, V. K., & Pekala, R. J. (2002). The effectiveness of a hypnotic ego-strengthening procedure for improving self-esteem and depression. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis30(1), 1-23.
Litzinger, S., & Gordon, K. C. (2005). Exploring relationships among communication, sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Journal of sex & marital therapy31(5), 409-424.
Markstrom, C. A., Sabino, V. M., Turner, B. J., & Berman, R. C. (1997). The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths: Development and validation of a new Eriksonian measure. Journal of youth and adolescence26(6), 705-732.
McGovern, J. M., & Meyers, S. A. (2002). Relationships between sex-role attitudes, division of household tasks, and marital adjustment. Contemporary Family Therapy24(4), 601-618.
Miller, W. B (1995). Childbearing motivation and its measurement. Journal of Biosocial Science27(4), 473-487.
Moors, G., 2003. Estimating the Reciprocal Effect of Gender Role Attitudes and Family For- mation: A Log-Linear Path Model with Latent Variables. European Journal of Population 19 (2), 199–221.
Oláh, L. S., & Bernhardt, E. M. (2008). Sweden: Combining childbearing and gender equality. Demographic research19, 1105-1144.
Piltan, F., & Rahmanian, M. (2015). Investigating factors affecting the tendency toward childbearing among married men and women (case of study: men and women aged 25 to 45 years old in Jahrom). [in Persian]
Pinnelli, A., & Fiori, F. (2008). The Influence of Partner Involvement in Fatherhood and Domestic Tasks on Mothers Fertility Expectations in Italy. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research & Practice about Men as Fathers6(2).
Pronin, E., Olivola, C. Y (2006). Encyclopedia of Human Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference. pp. 441–442.
Puur, A., Oláh, L.Sz., Tazi-Preve, M.I., and Dorbritz, J. (2008). Men's childbearing desires and views of the male role in Europe at the dawn of the 21st century. Demographic Research 19(56): 1883-1912. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.56.
Rahmatian F, Hashemian S, Borjali A, Habibi M. (2015). The relationship between individual perception of father parenting and subject relationships and defensive mechanisms. Journal of Military medicine. 5(1): 17-29. [in Persian]
 Riyahi, M.E. (2007). The Impacts of Social Factors on the Acceptance Rate of Gender-Related Strereotype. Woman Development and Politics (Woman’s Research). 5(1), 109-136. [in Persian]
Salary P, Banafshe E, Hebrani P, Nooghabi JJ. (2010). On the relationship between maternal fatigue and postpartum depression. J Fundamentals Ment Health,114(14), 302-11. [in Persian]
Salehi, K., Kohan, S., & Taleghani, F. (2018). Factors and interventions associated with parental attachment during pregnancy in Iran: a systematic review. International Journal of Pediatrics6(1), 6823-6842. [in Persian]
Sleebos, J. (2003). Low fertility rates in OECD countries: facts and policy responses. OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers. < http://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/slsaaa/15-en.html>
Söderberg, M., Christensson, K., & Lundgren, I. i Hildingsson, I. (2015). Women’s attitudes towards fertility and childbearing – A study based on a national sample of Swedish women validating the atti tudes to fertility and childbearing scale (AFCS). Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 6, 54–58.
Söderberg, M., Lundgren, I., Christensson, K., & Hildingsson, I. (2013). Attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale: an assessment of a new instrument for women who are not yet mothers in Sweden. BMC pregnancy and childbirth13(1), 1-8.
Spéder, Z., & Kapitány, B. (2009). How are time-dependent childbearing intentions realized? Realization, postponement, abandonment, bringing forward. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie25(4), 503.
Tajvidi, M., & Dehghan Nayeri, N. (2016). Experiencing spirituality in pregnancy: a phenomenological study. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac14(8), 674-681. [in Persian]
Wasmer, M (2014). German General Social Survey 2012. English Translation of the German "ALLBUS"- Questionnaire. In: GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, (Ed., Technical Reports 01/2014, pp. 118.)
Zahedi, M., & Deris, F. (2014). The quality of life in pregnant women in Farokhshahr city, 2012. Journal of clinical nursing and midwifery3. [in Persian]