Psychometric Properties of Clinical Anger Scale

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

2 PhD in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Shahed University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Allameh Tabataba’I, Tehran, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.

5 PhD student of Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.

Abstract

Anger is one of the emotions that is widely and disproportionately used by people and has various negative consequences such as; Physical and mental illness, disruption of interpersonal relationships and legal crimes; Therefore, measuring and evaluating the level of anger and managing this emotion seems necessary. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the clinical anger scale. The statistical population of the present study included all Iranians aged 18 to 60 years in the period from August to October 1400. The statistical sample of the study included 322 people who were selected by available sampling method through online call. In order to evaluate the convergent and divergent validity, the second version of the Acceptance and Practice Questionnaire (AAQ - II) and the difficulty in emotion regulation scale (DERS) were used. The factor structure of the questionnaire was examined through confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the reliability of the clinical anger scale based on Cronbach's alpha was between 0.90 and based on the the test-retest was 0.83. Studies on the convergent and divergent validity of the clinical anger scale also confirmed the acceptable validity of the scale in the study sample. Based on the findings, it can be said that the clinical anger scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring anger in the Iranian population.

Keywords


بشارت، محمدعلی (1386). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان. گزارش پژوهشی، دانشگاه تهران.
عباسی، ایمانه.، فتی، لادن.، مولودی، رضا و ضرابی، حمید (1391). کفایت روان‌سنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه پذیرش و عمل-نسخه دوم. روش­ها و مدل­های روان‌شناختی، 2 (10): 80-65.
Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: implications for theories of emotion. American psychologist38(11), 1145-1160.
Bell, K., & Higgins, L. (2015). The impact of childhood emotional abuse and experiential avoidance on maladaptive problem solving and intimate partner violence. Behavioral Sciences5(2), 154-175.
Berkowitz, L. (2012). A different view of anger: The cognitive‐neoassociation conception of the relation of anger to aggression. Aggressive behavior38(4), 322-333.
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., ... & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy42(4): 676-688.
Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression, New York and London: (John Wiley & Sons).
Buss, A. H., & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of consulting psychology21(4), 343-349.
Catchlove,  R. G.,  & Braha, R. E. (1985).  A test of measures of the awareness and expression of anger. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 43, 113-1 19.
Contreras, I. M., Kosiak, K., Hardin, K. M., & Novaco, R. W. (2021). Anger rumination in the context of high anger and forgiveness. Personality and individual differences171, 110531.
Dutra, S. J., & Sadeh, N. (2018). Psychological flexibility mitigates effects of PTSD symptoms and negative urgency on aggressive behavior in trauma-exposed veterans. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment9(4), 315.
Evans, D. R., & Stangeland, M. (1971). Development of the reaction inventory to measure anger. Psychological Reports29(2), 412-414
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2008). Understanding clinical anger and violence: The anger avoidance model. Behavior modification32(6), 897-912.
Garofalo, C., Holden, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Velotti, P. (2016). Understanding the connection between self‐esteem and aggression: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Aggressive behavior42(1), 3-15.
Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2017). Negative emotionality and aggression in violent offenders: The moderating role of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Criminal Justice51, 9-16.
Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41-54. 1 https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94
Herrero-Fernández, D., Parada-Fernández, P., & Jorge, R. (2021). The mediation effect of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between anger and aggression on the road in a sample of Spanish drivers. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour79, 63-71.
Hitti, S. A., Sullivan, T. N., McDonald, S. E., & Farrell, A. D. (2019). Longitudinal relations between beliefs supporting aggression and externalizing outcomes: Indirect effects of anger dysregulation and callous‐unemotional traits. Aggressive behavior45(1), 93-102.
Klimecki, O. M., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2018). Distinct brain areas involved in anger versus punishment during social interactions. Scientific reports8(1), 1-12.
Knight, R. G., Ross, R. A., Collins, J. I., & Parmenter, S. A. (1985). Some norms, reliability and preliminary validity data for an SR inventory of anger: The Subjective Anger Scale (SAS). Personality and Individual Differences, 6(3), 331-339.
Kreuze, L. J., de Jong, P. J., Bennik, E. C., & Nauta, M. H. (2021). Anger Responses in Adolescents: Relationship with Punishment and Reward Sensitivity. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 1-12.
Kuo, J. R., Zeifman, R. J., Morrison, A. S., Heimberg, R. G., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2021). The moderating effects of anger suppression and anger expression on cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction among individuals with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders285, 127-135.
Lee, A. H., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2018). Anger and aggression treatments: a review of meta-analyses. Current opinion in psychology19, 65-74.
Lee, J., & Hyun, M. H. (2020). The Relationship between Borderline Personality Traits and Reactive Aggression: The Mediating Effect of Experiential Avoidance. Korean Journal of Stress Research28(4), 262-268.
Li, Z., Man, S. S., Chan, A. H. S., & Wang, R. (2021). Driving anger scale validation: relationship of driving anger with the aberrant driving behaviour of truck drivers. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour81, 364-372.
Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Novaco, R. W. (2020). Anger treatment with violent offenders. The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management: Theory, Research and Practice, 385-397.
Pourabdol, S., Roshan, R., Yaghubi, H., & Sobhi-gharamaleki, N. (2020). The Role of Psychological Inflexibility and Emotion Dysregulation in Predicting Intensity of Anger in Competitive Athletes. Journal of Counseling Research19(75), 192-213.
Rubin, J. (1986). The emotion of anger: Some conceptual and theoretical issues. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice17(2), 115-124.
Sharkin, B. S. (1988). The measurement and treatment of client anger in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development66(8), 361-365.
Shea, S. E., & Coyne, L. W. (2017). Reliance on experiential avoidance in the context of relational aggression: Links to internalizing and externalizing problems and dysphoric mood among urban, minority adolescent girls. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science6(2), 195-201.
Shorey, R. C., Elmquist, J., Zucosky, H., Febres, J., Brasfield, H., & Stuart, G. L. (2014). Experiential avoidance and male dating violence perpetration: An initial investigation. Journal of contextual behavioral science3(2), 117-123.
Siegel, J. M. (1985). The measurement of anger as a multidimensional construct. Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders, 59-82.
Smith, L. E., Duffy, B., Moxham-Hall, V., Strang, L., Wessely, S., & Rubin, G. J. (2021). Anger and confrontation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey in the UK. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine114(2), 77-90.
Snell Jr, W. E., Gum, S., Shuck, R. L., Mosley, J. A., & Kite, T. L. (1995). The clinical anger scale: Preliminary reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology51(2), 215-226.
Spielberger, C. D. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders, 5-30.
Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G., Russell, S., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger scale. Advances in personality assessment, 2, 159-187.
Takebe, M., & Sato, H. (2021). A mindfulness-based intervention for Japanese non-clinical adolescent anger: A pilot study. Current Psychology, 1-7.
Tavris, C. (1982).  Anger: The misunderstood emotion. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N., & Foucault, M. (2019). Anger mediates the effects of fear on support for the far right—A rejoinder. Political Psychology40(4), 713-717.
Williams, R. (2017). Anger as a basic emotion and its role in personality building and pathological growth: The neuroscientific, developmental and clinical perspectives. Frontiers in psychology8, 1950.
Yurdakul, K. H. (2021). How Do The Main Negative Emotions Affect People's Political Decision Process?:" Fear, Anxiety And Anger. Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi16(1), 246-261.
Yavuz, K. F., ŞAHİN, O., Ulusoy, S., Ipek, O. U., & Kurt, E. (2016). Experiential avoidance, empathy, and anger-related attitudes in antisocial personality disorder. Turkish journal of medical sciences46(6), 1792-1800.
Zajenkowski, M., & Gignac, G. E. (2018). Why do angry people overestimate their intelligence? Neuroticism as a suppressor of the association between Trait-Anger and subjectively assessed intelligence. Intelligence70, 12-21.
Zelin, M. L., Adler, G., & Myerson, P. G. (1972). Anger Self-Report: An objective questionnaire for the measurement of aggression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39(2), 340.