Relationship between Insecure Attachment Styles and Depression among Psychiatric Disorder inpatients: Mediating Roles of Rumination and Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MA, Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

2 professor of clinical psychology Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

3 PhD, Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Educational Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

4 PhD, Assistant Professor, Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Rumination and overgeneral Autobiographical memory as cognitive risk factors can affect the psychiatric disorders e.g depression. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediation roles of rumination and OGM in explaining the relationship between insecure attachment (avoidant and anxiety attachment) and depression. One hundred and ten patients with depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder completed The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire (ECR), Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), and Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) at Roozbeh hospital. Data was analyzed by SPSS24 and SmartPLS3 software by employing structural equation modeling. The results showed that rumination as a mediator variable influenced the relationship between anxiety attachment and depression (p<0.05). Also, Overgeneral autobiographical memory was found to be a mediating variable in the relationship between avoidant attachment and depression (p<0.05). In conclusion, rumination and Overgeneral autobiographical memory affect the relationship between insecure attachment and depressive symptoms in psychiatric disorders.

Keywords


آوری، م. پ.، قنبری، س.، محمدی، ع. ز.، و پناغی، ل. (1393). اعتبار، پایایی و ساختار عاملی پرسشنامه ی تجارب روابط نزدیک-ساختار رابطه. اندیشه و رفتار، 8(31)، 47–56.
بختیاری، ف.، فروغان، م.، زاده، ح. ف.، نظری، ن.، نجفی، ب.، علیزاده، م.، قربانی، م. (1393). اعتبار سنجی نسخه فارسی شده آزمون کوتاه شده شناختی در سالمندان آسایشگاه خیریه کهریزک. دیابت و متابولیسم ایران، 13(6)، 488–494.
تنجانی، پ. ط.، رودی، غ. گ.، بخت، م. آ.، زاده، ز. ف.، حمیدی، ر.، زاده، ش. ف.، و قیسوندی، ا. (1393). بررسی روایی و پایایی نسخه دوم پرسش نامه ی افسردگی بک در سالمندان ایرانی. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، 22(1)، 189–198.
مولایی محمد, مرادی علیرضا, غرایی بنفشه (1386). مقایسه کارکرد اجرایی و شواهد عصب روانشناختی در اختلال وسواسی ـ اجباری و اضطراب فراگیر. مجله علوم رفتاری زمستان 1386; 1(2):131-141
نژاد، م. ب.، قدردی، ج. ص.، و طباطبایی، م. (1389). رابطه بین نشخوارفکری و افسردگی در نمونه ای از دانشجویان ایرانی. مطالعات تربیتی و روانشناسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، 11(1)، 21–38.
 
Armsden, G. C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M. T., Burke, P. M., & Mitchell, J. R. (1990). Parent and peer attachment in early adolescent depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 18(6), 683-697.
Beck AT, Steer RA, & Brown GK. (1996). BDI-II:Beck Depression Inventory Manual: San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beyderman, I., & Young, M. A. (2016). Rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory as mediators of the relationship between attachment and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 37-41.
Blagov, P. S., & Singer, J. A. (2004). Four dimensions of self-defining memories (specificity, meaning, content, and affect) and their relationships to self-restraint, distress, and repressive defensiveness. Journal of Personality, 72, 481–511.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development: New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76): New York: Guilford Press.
Burnette, J. L., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 276-280.
Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition,22, 491–529.
Dalgleish T., Werner-Seidler A. (2014). Disruptions in autobiographical memory processing in depression and the emergence of memory therapeutics. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 596–604.
Debeer, E., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2009). Associations between components of rumination and autobiographical memory specificity as measured by a Minimal Instructions Autobiographical Memory Test. Memory, 17(8), 892-903.
Edelstein, R. S., & Gillath, O. (2008). Avoiding interference: Adult attachment and emotional processing biases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 171–181.
Fornell, C, Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurementerror .Journal of Marketing Research 18(1).3-50
Fraley, R. C., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2007). Adult attachment and preemptive defenses: Converging evidence on the role of defensive exclusion at the level of encoding. Journal of Personality, 75, 1033–1050.
Garrison, A. M., Kahn, J. H., Miller, S. A., & Sauer, E. M. (2014). Emotional avoidance and rumination as mediators of the relation between adult attachment and emotional disclosure. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 239–245. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.paid.2014.07.006
Hipwell, A. E., Sapotichne, B., Klostermann, S., Battista, D., & Keenan, K. (2011). Autobiographical memory as a predictor of depression vulnerability in girls. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(2), 254-265.
Lanciano, T., Curci, A., Kafetsios, K., Elia, L., & Zammuner, V. L. (2012). Attachment and dysfunctional rumination: The mediating role of Emotional Intelligence abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(6), 753-758.
Liu, X., Li, L., Xiao, J., Yang, J., & Jiang, X. (2013). Abnormalities of autobiographical memory of patients with depressive disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother, 86(4), 353-373. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02077.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment-related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 12, 149 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126. 2005.00108.x.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A: 1024515519160.
Moradi, A.R., Abdi, A., Fathi-Ashtiani, A., Dalgleish T., Jobson, J. (2012). Overgeneral autobiographical memory recollection in Iranian combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Research & Therapy.50. 435-441.
Moradi A.R.,  Miraghaei, M. A., parhon, H., Jabari, H.,Dalgleish, T.,   & Jobson L. (2013). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Executive Functioning and Autobiographical Remembering in Individuals with HIV and in Carers of those with HIV in Iran. Journal of AIDS Care
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol, 100(4), 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(1), 115.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking Rumination. Perspect Psychol Sci, 3(5), 400-424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.
Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M., Beyers, W., Brunfaut, E., & Eelen, P. (2006). Reduced autobiographical memory specificity and rumination in predicting the course of depression. J Abnorm Psychol, 115(4), 699-704. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.699
Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M., Demyttenaere, K., Sabbe, B., Pieters, G., & Eelen, P. (2005). Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory: a mediator between rumination and ineffective social problem-solving in major depression? J Affect Disord, 87(2-3), 331-335. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.004
Rawal, A., & Rice, F. (2012). Examining overgeneral autobiographical memory as a risk factor for adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 51(5), 518-527. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.025
Ruijten, T., Roelofs, J., & Rood, L. (2011). The Mediating Role of Rumination in the Relation Between Quality of Attachment Relations and Depressive Symptoms in Non-Clinical Adolescents. J Child Fam Stud, 20(4), 452-459. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9412-5.
Stange, J. P., Hamlat, E. J., Hamilton, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013). Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Evidence of a cognitive vulnerability–stress interaction. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 201-208.
Sumner, J. A. (2012). The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model. Clin Psychol Rev, 32(1), 34-48. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003
Sumner, J. A., Griffith, J. W., & Mineka, S. (2010). Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther, 48(7), 614-625. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013
Turan N, Hoyt W . H, Erdur-Baker O. Gender(2016), attachment orientations, rumination, and symptomatic distress: Test of a moderated mediation model. Pers Indivi Differ; 102: 234-9
Van Daele, T., Griffith, J. W., Van den Bergh, O., & Hermans, D. (2014). Overgeneral autobiographical memory predicts changes in depression in a community sample. Cogn Emot, 28(7), 1303-1312. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.879052
Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression. J Affect Disord, 82(1), 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.006
Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychol Bull, 134(2), 163-206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
Williams, J. M., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychol Bull, 133(1), 122-148. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122
Williams, J. M., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. J Abnorm Psychol, 95(2), 144-149.
Williams, J. M. G., Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Soulsby, J. (2000). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory in formerly depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 150–155.
Williams, J. M. G. (2006). Ca pture and r umination, f unctional a voidance, and ex ecutive control (CaRFAX): three processes that underlie overgeneral memory. Cognition and Emotion, 20(3-4), 548-568.