University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 Evaluation the Relationship between EEG Pattern and Overt Aggressive Behavior Evaluation the Relationship between EEG Pattern and Overt Aggressive Behavior 1 12 4247 FA Parichehr Ahmadi Hossein Vahedi Fatemeh Ranjbar Mehdi Farhodi Parichehr Mazuji Sara Purhasan Journal Article 2015 12 20 Background and objectives: There are very studies in determine the criteria for diagnosis and assessment of aggression. The aim of this study was study of aggressive subject’s brain wave activity in compare with healthy subjects by qEEG. Materials and Methods: The research method was contrastive-descriptive over which some 30 people of aggressive Persons compared and contrasted with some 30 nonaggressive persons were demographically similar to aggressive group. The artifact free EEG epoch was analyzed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and Power values of particular frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha and beta) were observed on the brain Regions. Results and conclusion: Results of variance analysis showed that aggressive subjects theta activity in frontal, central, Parietal and temporal areas is lower than normal subjects. In addition increase in beta activity in frontal, central, Parietal and temporal areas in compare with nonaggressive subjects. These results suggest the disorder change the brain waves activity. Background and objectives: There are very studies in determine the criteria for diagnosis and assessment of aggression. The aim of this study was study of aggressive subject’s brain wave activity in compare with healthy subjects by qEEG. Materials and Methods: The research method was contrastive-descriptive over which some 30 people of aggressive Persons compared and contrasted with some 30 nonaggressive persons were demographically similar to aggressive group. The artifact free EEG epoch was analyzed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and Power values of particular frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha and beta) were observed on the brain Regions. Results and conclusion: Results of variance analysis showed that aggressive subjects theta activity in frontal, central, Parietal and temporal areas is lower than normal subjects. In addition increase in beta activity in frontal, central, Parietal and temporal areas in compare with nonaggressive subjects. These results suggest the disorder change the brain waves activity.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4247_1257cecb54f7958c83774a4951c5569e.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 The Comparison of Forgiveness in War Veteams with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Their Wives and Normal Individuals The Comparison of Forgiveness in War Veteams with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Their Wives and Normal Individuals 13 28 4248 FA Mansour Beirami Journal Article 2015 12 20 The purpose of the present study was the comparison of forgiveness in war veterans with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), their wives and normal individuals. For investigation of research variables a number of 25 PTSD patients from the population of war veterans Tabriz city, 25 subjects of PTSD patients wives and 25 normal subjects was chosen through convenience sampling procedures. The subjects completed Mullet Forgiveness Questionnarie (FQ). The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS and descriptive statistic indexs, and Multivariate Analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that lasting resentment of Forgiveness Components scores were higher, and Tending to forgiveness of Forgiveness Components scores lower, among PTSD patient than among patients wives and normal individuals. Too tending to forgiveness of Forgiveness Components in Sensitivity to circumstances of Forgiveness Components. The purpose of the present study was the comparison of forgiveness in war veterans with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), their wives and normal individuals. For investigation of research variables a number of 25 PTSD patients from the population of war veterans Tabriz city, 25 subjects of PTSD patients wives and 25 normal subjects was chosen through convenience sampling procedures. The subjects completed Mullet Forgiveness Questionnarie (FQ). The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS and descriptive statistic indexs, and Multivariate Analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that lasting resentment of Forgiveness Components scores were higher, and Tending to forgiveness of Forgiveness Components scores lower, among PTSD patient than among patients wives and normal individuals. Too tending to forgiveness of Forgiveness Components in Sensitivity to circumstances of Forgiveness Components.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4248_f9dd901230097257db369ce0b44db9e5.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 Loving Styles: Relationships with Big Five Factors of Personality and Attachment Styles Loving Styles: Relationships with Big Five Factors of Personality and Attachment Styles 29 53 4249 FA Elahe Hejazi 0000-0003-3032-5554 Zahra Tanha Sudeh Rahmani Roshanak Nikpour Journal Article 2015 12 20 In recent studies, love is considered as a primary psychological need. The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationships between big five factors of personality, attachment styles with loving styles based on the model of Heaven, Da Silva, Cary & Holen (2004). Hence, the sample of 395 undergraduate students (178 girls and 217 boys) was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method from faculty of psychology and education, Kharazmi University. The instruments consisted of the NEO-PI-R Questionnaire (McCrae and Costa, 1992), attachment styles inventory (Collins and Read, 1990), and love attitude scale (Hendrich, Hendrick & Dicke, 1998). Results indicated that neuroticism had direct relationship with depend, close and anxious attachment styles, and indirect relationship with love style of storge. Extraversion had direct relationship with attachment styles of depend and close and indirect relationship with loving styles of storge, mania and agape. Moreover, dependent style showed direct relationships with storge, close style with mania and agape, and anxious style with eros, mania, and agape. Eventually, results indicated adequate fitness between model and data of this research. In recent studies, love is considered as a primary psychological need. The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationships between big five factors of personality, attachment styles with loving styles based on the model of Heaven, Da Silva, Cary & Holen (2004). Hence, the sample of 395 undergraduate students (178 girls and 217 boys) was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method from faculty of psychology and education, Kharazmi University. The instruments consisted of the NEO-PI-R Questionnaire (McCrae and Costa, 1992), attachment styles inventory (Collins and Read, 1990), and love attitude scale (Hendrich, Hendrick & Dicke, 1998). Results indicated that neuroticism had direct relationship with depend, close and anxious attachment styles, and indirect relationship with love style of storge. Extraversion had direct relationship with attachment styles of depend and close and indirect relationship with loving styles of storge, mania and agape. Moreover, dependent style showed direct relationships with storge, close style with mania and agape, and anxious style with eros, mania, and agape. Eventually, results indicated adequate fitness between model and data of this research.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4249_d498e9a32222af27f54d165c1c23c513.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 The Effect of Sand Play therapy in Reducing Anxiety in Primary School Children by Using Observer Software The Effect of Sand Play therapy in Reducing Anxiety in Primary School Children by Using Observer Software 55 76 4250 FA Seyyedeh Masoumeh Seyyedi Shahrokh Makvand Hosseini Farahnaz Kiyan Ersi Journal Article 2015 12 20 In this study, we examined the effect of sand play therapy in reducing anxiety in primary school girls by observer software. Using a quasi experimental design with experimental group, a sample consisting of 20 elementary school girls who had scored one standard deviation above the mean on spense anxiety questioner voluntarily participated in experimentalprogram. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of “sandplay therapy” as the independent factor. Data was analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (GLM). Finding and the results of the difference in anxiety scores in different sessions shows the effect of sandplay therapy on reducing the experimental group’s anxiety, and statistical results shows that the hypothesis at (p<0/01) is significant, and so sandplay therapy reduces female primary school students’s anxiety. Working with a sand tray will probably give the child the opportunity to discover her phobias in a safe environment, make them concrete by reproduction of the incidents, have more knowledge about them, and find some solutions to solve different problems. In this study, we examined the effect of sand play therapy in reducing anxiety in primary school girls by observer software. Using a quasi experimental design with experimental group, a sample consisting of 20 elementary school girls who had scored one standard deviation above the mean on spense anxiety questioner voluntarily participated in experimentalprogram. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of “sandplay therapy” as the independent factor. Data was analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (GLM). Finding and the results of the difference in anxiety scores in different sessions shows the effect of sandplay therapy on reducing the experimental group’s anxiety, and statistical results shows that the hypothesis at (p<0/01) is significant, and so sandplay therapy reduces female primary school students’s anxiety. Working with a sand tray will probably give the child the opportunity to discover her phobias in a safe environment, make them concrete by reproduction of the incidents, have more knowledge about them, and find some solutions to solve different problems.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4250_7510730fd5a50425d8c73f3941fc65b6.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 Attribution Style and High-risk Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies Attribution Style and High-risk Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies 77 96 4251 FA Kowsar Azimi Yancheshmeh Zahra Tanha Sudeh Rahmani Journal Article 2015 12 20 Psychologists are extensively trying to identify predictors of high risk behaviors. One of the most important factors which influence high risk behaviors is attribution styles of individuals. Few studies have investigated the role of mediating variables in this relationship. The present study with the aim of providing a model to determine impact of attribution style with a mediating role of coping styles on high risk behaviors was performed. Hence, sample of 206 students (120 female, 86 male) were selected from Tehran University, using multistage cluster sampling. To collect data Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire (Center Disease Control, 1989), Attributional style questionnaire (Petersen, et al, 1982) and Coping inventory for stressful situations (Endler & Parker, 1990) were used. Results indicated direct effect of attribution style with task-oriented, emotion-oriented strategies and high-risk behavior, and indirect effect of attribution style with high-risk behaviors mediated by task-oriented strategy. Furthermore, task-oriented and avoidance-oriented strategies had direct effect on high-risk behaviors. Therefore the mediating role of coping strategies in the relation of attribution style and high-risk behaviors were confirmed. Eventually, the model adequately fit the data. Psychologists are extensively trying to identify predictors of high risk behaviors. One of the most important factors which influence high risk behaviors is attribution styles of individuals. Few studies have investigated the role of mediating variables in this relationship. The present study with the aim of providing a model to determine impact of attribution style with a mediating role of coping styles on high risk behaviors was performed. Hence, sample of 206 students (120 female, 86 male) were selected from Tehran University, using multistage cluster sampling. To collect data Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire (Center Disease Control, 1989), Attributional style questionnaire (Petersen, et al, 1982) and Coping inventory for stressful situations (Endler & Parker, 1990) were used. Results indicated direct effect of attribution style with task-oriented, emotion-oriented strategies and high-risk behavior, and indirect effect of attribution style with high-risk behaviors mediated by task-oriented strategy. Furthermore, task-oriented and avoidance-oriented strategies had direct effect on high-risk behaviors. Therefore the mediating role of coping strategies in the relation of attribution style and high-risk behaviors were confirmed. Eventually, the model adequately fit the data.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4251_c5bbb34db2cfa3d66e32cb8a59abd50d.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 The Effectiveness of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy with Old People (CBTO) on General Health Parameters in Patients who Suffered from Parkinson Disease The Effectiveness of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy with Old People (CBTO) on General Health Parameters in Patients who Suffered from Parkinson Disease 97 122 4252 FA Mahnaz Aliakbari Dehkurdi Ahmad Alipour Hossein Zareh Gholamali Shahidi Ziba Barghi Irani Journal Article 2015 12 20 Goal: Parkinson disease is a type of degenerative disorder of central nervous system in old people and the current study was aimed at review of the effectiveness of CBT treatment on genaral health parameters among the patients who are suffered from Parkinson disease. Method: in this study, the methodology was considered as semi- experimental technique with pretest and posttest plan along with control group that was derived from statistical population of old people who were suffered from Parkinson disease so that research samples included 40 participants who were chosen by available sampling method and divided into testing and control groups randomly. Tested group was supervised under CBTO treatment within 10 sessions. Research tools which used in this study, included General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), that was administered in two stages namely pretest and posttest. Findings: The results came from ANCOVA indicated that Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has caused the improvement in physical and mental health parameters in the tested group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy with Old people (CBTO) causes the enhancement in all general health parameters among the Parkinson disease patients. Therefore, this method may be utilized as a complementary treatment in hospitals and asylums. Thus, it is suggested to present CBT treatment along with other medical interventions as a part of treatment and medical care for old people who are suffered from Parkinson disease. Goal: Parkinson disease is a type of degenerative disorder of central nervous system in old people and the current study was aimed at review of the effectiveness of CBT treatment on genaral health parameters among the patients who are suffered from Parkinson disease. Method: in this study, the methodology was considered as semi- experimental technique with pretest and posttest plan along with control group that was derived from statistical population of old people who were suffered from Parkinson disease so that research samples included 40 participants who were chosen by available sampling method and divided into testing and control groups randomly. Tested group was supervised under CBTO treatment within 10 sessions. Research tools which used in this study, included General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), that was administered in two stages namely pretest and posttest. Findings: The results came from ANCOVA indicated that Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has caused the improvement in physical and mental health parameters in the tested group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy with Old people (CBTO) causes the enhancement in all general health parameters among the Parkinson disease patients. Therefore, this method may be utilized as a complementary treatment in hospitals and asylums. Thus, it is suggested to present CBT treatment along with other medical interventions as a part of treatment and medical care for old people who are suffered from Parkinson disease.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4252_a3b75b8cb11e2d8aa8f9300f01f919c7.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 Working Memory in ADHD Subtypes: Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) Study Working Memory in ADHD Subtypes: Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) Study 123 147 4253 FA Soheila Eesaee Mohammadali Nazari Reza Rostami Safura Babaee Journal Article 2015 12 20 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate working memory function in ADHD and ADD children. Methods: In this study, 25 subjects (ADD=12 / ADHD=13) were selected by SNAP4 Scales. ERPs were measured while subjects answered visual working memory task. T test and Umanvitni was used for analyzing the behavioral data and Repeated Measurement of Variance (RANOVA) was used to analyze the ERPs data. Results: We didn’t find any significant differences between ADD and ADHD subjects in behavioral data (comisson, omission and reaction time) and P300 component. Conclusion: The finding confirms previous researches that suggested, there weren’t any differences between ADD and ADHD children in cognitive processing. It seem working memory in ADD children performs as same as ADHD children. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate working memory function in ADHD and ADD children. Methods: In this study, 25 subjects (ADD=12 / ADHD=13) were selected by SNAP4 Scales. ERPs were measured while subjects answered visual working memory task. T test and Umanvitni was used for analyzing the behavioral data and Repeated Measurement of Variance (RANOVA) was used to analyze the ERPs data. Results: We didn’t find any significant differences between ADD and ADHD subjects in behavioral data (comisson, omission and reaction time) and P300 component. Conclusion: The finding confirms previous researches that suggested, there weren’t any differences between ADD and ADHD children in cognitive processing. It seem working memory in ADD children performs as same as ADHD children.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4253_5a4518fa3dc1a36caecf04692b7ca61c.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 The Study of Effectiveness of Firect, Vognitive Moral Education, Value Clarification and Combinational Methods on the Moral Judgment of Tabriz 4 Educational Zone Senior Male Students The Study of Effectiveness of Firect, Vognitive Moral Education, Value Clarification and Combinational Methods on the Moral Judgment of Tabriz 4 Educational Zone Senior Male Students 149 182 4254 FA Abolfazl Faried Journal Article 2015 12 20 The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of 4 educational methods on the moral judgment of senior male students.150 male senior students were selected randomly and assigned in five groups (classes). Each class received one educational method, and one class considered as control group. The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used for collecting data from the level of student’s moral judgment as pretest. After education for 60 days, analysis of data revealed that; educational methods can enhance the moral judgment of male students, and cognitive moral education was the most effective method for enhance of the moral judgment. This method was the method that types of moral dilemma was delivered to the students. After deliver of moral dilemma, the moral judgments of cognitive moral group were heared by other students. Then students were divided to the two groups. One group was presenting their opinions, and other group was presenting themselves opinions. After cognitive moral education, combinational method was the second effective method in the enhance of the level of moral judgment. This method was the method that, moral education fulfilled by all of the methods. Combnitionally Direct method also was the effective method. This method was the method that moral subjects were delivered directly. Based on prior researches this outcome was not anticipated. Thus, we can conclude that; the education can enhance the level of moral reasoning (judgment). The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of 4 educational methods on the moral judgment of senior male students.150 male senior students were selected randomly and assigned in five groups (classes). Each class received one educational method, and one class considered as control group. The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used for collecting data from the level of student’s moral judgment as pretest. After education for 60 days, analysis of data revealed that; educational methods can enhance the moral judgment of male students, and cognitive moral education was the most effective method for enhance of the moral judgment. This method was the method that types of moral dilemma was delivered to the students. After deliver of moral dilemma, the moral judgments of cognitive moral group were heared by other students. Then students were divided to the two groups. One group was presenting their opinions, and other group was presenting themselves opinions. After cognitive moral education, combinational method was the second effective method in the enhance of the level of moral judgment. This method was the method that, moral education fulfilled by all of the methods. Combnitionally Direct method also was the effective method. This method was the method that moral subjects were delivered directly. Based on prior researches this outcome was not anticipated. Thus, we can conclude that; the education can enhance the level of moral reasoning (judgment).

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4254_88080ae39947c27a553219e77139791a.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 The Relationship between Eysenck Personality Characteristics and Resiliency with Attitude to toward Suicide among Female Students The Relationship between Eysenck Personality Characteristics and Resiliency with Attitude to toward Suicide among Female Students 149 182 4255 FA Jahanghir Karami Ali Zakiei Mostafa Alikhani Farhad Mohammadi Journal Article 2015 12 20 The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between the Eysenck Personality characteristics and resiliency with a look at the issue of suicide among girl students in Kermanshah. For performing the research, a sample size of 250 individuals was selected of all secondary school students in Kermanshah by a cluster sampling. Descriptive study was of a correlative type, and to analyze the data, Pearson correlation and regression analysis was used by the help of SPSS19 software. To gather data, the Eysenck Personality characteristics questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resiliency approach and attitude to committing suicide were used. Results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between personality traits psychotic mental attitudes, and attitude to committing suicide, but there is a negative correlation between extroversion and attitude to committing suicide. In addition, results indicate that there is a negative correlation between resiliency and attitude to committing suicide. According to the results, it could be concluded that the character of a structure is associated with suicide. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between the Eysenck Personality characteristics and resiliency with a look at the issue of suicide among girl students in Kermanshah. For performing the research, a sample size of 250 individuals was selected of all secondary school students in Kermanshah by a cluster sampling. Descriptive study was of a correlative type, and to analyze the data, Pearson correlation and regression analysis was used by the help of SPSS19 software. To gather data, the Eysenck Personality characteristics questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resiliency approach and attitude to committing suicide were used. Results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between personality traits psychotic mental attitudes, and attitude to committing suicide, but there is a negative correlation between extroversion and attitude to committing suicide. In addition, results indicate that there is a negative correlation between resiliency and attitude to committing suicide. According to the results, it could be concluded that the character of a structure is associated with suicide.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4255_456e6f40495f4dbe592ee06503cc357c.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 An Empirical Test of a Metacognitive Model of d Rumination and Depression in Non-clinical Population An Empirical Test of a Metacognitive Model of d Rumination and Depression in Non-clinical Population 183 204 4256 FA Shahram Mohammadkhani Nilofar S. Purmand Hamidreza Hassanabadi Journal Article 2015 12 20 The present study aimed to test the structural relationship between rumination, metacognitive beliefs and depressive symptoms according to wells and Matthews (1994) the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model of emotional disorders in non-clinical samples. Four hundreds and one male and female students (Mean=21.01, SD=1.96) were selected and answered the rumination questionnaire, metacognitive beliefs scale, positive metacognitive beliefs scale, negative metacognitive beliefs scale and beck depression questionnaire. Results showed that metacognitive model of depression and rumination in non-clinical population has good fitness. However, the relationships between components of model in a non-clinical sample were slightly different from clinical population. In non-clinical population, rumination directly and indirectly were associated with depression, that is opposite of findings in clinical samples in which metacognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between rumination and depression. Also the results showed that in non-clinical samples, rumination affect depression only through activation of negative beliefs about uncontrollability and harm rather than beliefs related to social consequences. The results of this study support the applicability of metacognitive model of depression in non-clinical population The present study aimed to test the structural relationship between rumination, metacognitive beliefs and depressive symptoms according to wells and Matthews (1994) the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model of emotional disorders in non-clinical samples. Four hundreds and one male and female students (Mean=21.01, SD=1.96) were selected and answered the rumination questionnaire, metacognitive beliefs scale, positive metacognitive beliefs scale, negative metacognitive beliefs scale and beck depression questionnaire. Results showed that metacognitive model of depression and rumination in non-clinical population has good fitness. However, the relationships between components of model in a non-clinical sample were slightly different from clinical population. In non-clinical population, rumination directly and indirectly were associated with depression, that is opposite of findings in clinical samples in which metacognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between rumination and depression. Also the results showed that in non-clinical samples, rumination affect depression only through activation of negative beliefs about uncontrollability and harm rather than beliefs related to social consequences. The results of this study support the applicability of metacognitive model of depression in non-clinical population

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4256_e441238fc20f17751e63e3af0863f844.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Modern Psychological Researches 2322-3340 8 30 2013 07 23 The Comparison of Social Competence and Academic Self Efficacy of Special Needs Students in Three Methods of Integrational, Exceptional and Normal Education The Comparison of Social Competence and Academic Self Efficacy of Special Needs Students in Three Methods of Integrational, Exceptional and Normal Education 205 224 4257 FA Touraj Hashemi Naser Beirami Journal Article 2015 12 20 The present research aimed at the comparison of social competence and academic self efficacy of special needs students in three current methods in country. This education is doing in methods of integrational, exceptional and normal. The method of study was causal-comparative. For this reason samples were selected from 3 groups of integrational education، exceptional education (67 subjects in each group) and normal education students (30 subjects in this group) and inventoris of social competence (SCRQ) and Academic self efficacy was administrated to 3 groups. The results were analyzed using one way and multivariate analysis of variance and indicated that exceptional education method more effective than two other methods. Therefore، the purposes of integrational method haven’t done. The present research aimed at the comparison of social competence and academic self efficacy of special needs students in three current methods in country. This education is doing in methods of integrational, exceptional and normal. The method of study was causal-comparative. For this reason samples were selected from 3 groups of integrational education، exceptional education (67 subjects in each group) and normal education students (30 subjects in this group) and inventoris of social competence (SCRQ) and Academic self efficacy was administrated to 3 groups. The results were analyzed using one way and multivariate analysis of variance and indicated that exceptional education method more effective than two other methods. Therefore، the purposes of integrational method haven’t done.

https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4257_cb5eacfbb506c59f98d84b5836415c7b.pdf