University of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Relationship between Family Problem-Solving and Irrational Thinking on Marital Problems and MaladjustmentRelationship between Family Problem-Solving and Irrational Thinking on Marital Problems and Maladjustment1174039FAZeinabAzadiSeyyed AliKimiaeiSakinehAbbasiJournal Article20151207Marital satisfaction has been the subject of many theories and studies. The relationship between problem-solving ability, rational thinking and mental health has also been extensively studied. The present study examined the relationship between problem-solving ability, rational thinking, as well as marital problems and maladjustments. Using convenience sampling, married participants (N=103; 50% male), with no history of legal problems with their spouse, were selected. They completed four scales in cluding family problem-solving; irrational beliefs questionnaire (IBQ); and marital problems checklist as well as Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). Results of pearson correlation coefficient showed that there were significant relationships among family problem-solving, irrational thinking and marital problems and maladjustments. Besides, findings of two hierarchical regression method showed that controlling the effects of age, gender, education, marriage type length of the spouses familiarity as fiancés, length of their marriage, and the number of children, family problem solving abilities and their rational beliefs could negatively predict their marital problems and maladjustments. The results suggest that spouses’ problem solving abilities and rational thinking play an important role in marital satisfaction.Marital satisfaction has been the subject of many theories and studies. The relationship between problem-solving ability, rational thinking and mental health has also been extensively studied. The present study examined the relationship between problem-solving ability, rational thinking, as well as marital problems and maladjustments. Using convenience sampling, married participants (N=103; 50% male), with no history of legal problems with their spouse, were selected. They completed four scales in cluding family problem-solving; irrational beliefs questionnaire (IBQ); and marital problems checklist as well as Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). Results of pearson correlation coefficient showed that there were significant relationships among family problem-solving, irrational thinking and marital problems and maladjustments. Besides, findings of two hierarchical regression method showed that controlling the effects of age, gender, education, marriage type length of the spouses familiarity as fiancés, length of their marriage, and the number of children, family problem solving abilities and their rational beliefs could negatively predict their marital problems and maladjustments. The results suggest that spouses’ problem solving abilities and rational thinking play an important role in marital satisfaction.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4039_20024d6c260597b593e8dd4d785f916e.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Prediction of the Changes of Health Behaviors based on the Sense of Coherence, Self-efficacy, Optimism and Pessimism in StudentsPrediction of the Changes of Health Behaviors based on the Sense of Coherence, Self-efficacy, Optimism and Pessimism in Students19364040FAMansourBeyramiSamerehAsadiMaryamHosseini AslJournal Article20151207This study aimed to predict the changes of health behaviors based on the sense of cohesion, general self-efficacy, optimism, and pessimism variables in students. In this study, using convenience sampling, 135 female M.A students were selected from University of Tabriz. Data were collected through Plang health behaviors scale, Antonovsky sense of coherence questionnaire, Shrr et al general self-efficacy scale and Chang et al optimism and pessimism scales and were analyzed by simultaneous regression method. The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between sense of coherence and health behaviors (P<.01). Besides, manageable and meaningful variables of sense of coherence were good predictors of health behaviors. There was a positive and non-significant relationship between pessimism and health behaviours. Moreover, there was a negative and insignificant relationship between optimism and health behaviours. Results suggest that sense of coherence, general self-efficacy, optimism, pessimism could predict health behaviour.This study aimed to predict the changes of health behaviors based on the sense of cohesion, general self-efficacy, optimism, and pessimism variables in students. In this study, using convenience sampling, 135 female M.A students were selected from University of Tabriz. Data were collected through Plang health behaviors scale, Antonovsky sense of coherence questionnaire, Shrr et al general self-efficacy scale and Chang et al optimism and pessimism scales and were analyzed by simultaneous regression method. The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between sense of coherence and health behaviors (P<.01). Besides, manageable and meaningful variables of sense of coherence were good predictors of health behaviors. There was a positive and non-significant relationship between pessimism and health behaviours. Moreover, there was a negative and insignificant relationship between optimism and health behaviours. Results suggest that sense of coherence, general self-efficacy, optimism, pessimism could predict health behaviour.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4040_89d1002e0042bf6bf4e3ba6890ccdbee.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Predicting the Changes of Students’ General Health Based on Emotional Intelligence and Dimensions of Locus of ControlPredicting the Changes of Students’ General Health Based on Emotional Intelligence and Dimensions of Locus of Control37554041FAYousefRezapourMaryamAbediniSamerehAsadiJournal Article20151207The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence, dimentions of locus of control and general health in students of Tabriz University, which was conducted with a correlation method. 381 students of Tabriz University (195 female and 186 male) were included in this study. They were asked to complete the Rotter (1966), locus of control scale general health questionnaire and Petrides and Furnham (2001) emotional intelligence scale. Data were analyzed using regression method. Results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between internal locus of control and general health, while there was negative relationship between external locus of control and general health. There was a positive and significant relationship between internal locus of control and emotional intellignce, however, no significant relationship was found between external locus of control and emotional intellignce. Also, results demonstrated that among components of emotional intelligence, cognitive skills could significantly predict the changes of general health. Hence, it could be concluded that people with high levels of emotional intelligence as well as those with internal locus of control are in the optimum l evel of general health.The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence, dimentions of locus of control and general health in students of Tabriz University, which was conducted with a correlation method. 381 students of Tabriz University (195 female and 186 male) were included in this study. They were asked to complete the Rotter (1966), locus of control scale general health questionnaire and Petrides and Furnham (2001) emotional intelligence scale. Data were analyzed using regression method. Results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between internal locus of control and general health, while there was negative relationship between external locus of control and general health. There was a positive and significant relationship between internal locus of control and emotional intellignce, however, no significant relationship was found between external locus of control and emotional intellignce. Also, results demonstrated that among components of emotional intelligence, cognitive skills could significantly predict the changes of general health. Hence, it could be concluded that people with high levels of emotional intelligence as well as those with internal locus of control are in the optimum l evel of general health.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4041_68cbcacfa495ad551b73d597d8da6a69.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Emotional Effect of Music on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Patients with Essential Hypertension based on Introversion and Extraversion Personality DimensionsEmotional Effect of Music on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Patients with Essential Hypertension based on Introversion and Extraversion Personality Dimensions57734042FAHasanSabourimoghaddamJalilBabapourBabkSadeghiNaserAslanabadiDavodEzzatiJournal Article20151207The present study investigated the music emotional effect on blood pressure and heart rate in patients with essential hypertension based on introversion and extraversion personality dimensions. 113 male patients with essential hypertension referred to shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz city completed the NEO-FFI questionnaire and after obtaining acceptable scores were classified as introverted and extroverted groups (30 subjects in each group, age range 31-50, age mean 42). All groups received slow and fast rhythm of music in separate sessions with a half-hour interval between the two types of music. The blood pressure and heart rate were assessed before and after music induction. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results showed that compared with introvert patients extrovert patients obtained lower scores in systolic blood pressure after presenting music with slow rhythm. In other words, in extrovert patients, during the presentation of music with sloworhythm, the rate of systolic blood pressure decreased more than the baseline. Although the fast rhythm music
was effective in physiological indices, it did not cause significant differences in two groups. Based on the obtained results it could be suggested that introvert patients experience negative emotions more than extravert patients and negative emotions cause less change in blood pressure in these patients compared with extrovert patients.The present study investigated the music emotional effect on blood pressure and heart rate in patients with essential hypertension based on introversion and extraversion personality dimensions. 113 male patients with essential hypertension referred to shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz city completed the NEO-FFI questionnaire and after obtaining acceptable scores were classified as introverted and extroverted groups (30 subjects in each group, age range 31-50, age mean 42). All groups received slow and fast rhythm of music in separate sessions with a half-hour interval between the two types of music. The blood pressure and heart rate were assessed before and after music induction. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results showed that compared with introvert patients extrovert patients obtained lower scores in systolic blood pressure after presenting music with slow rhythm. In other words, in extrovert patients, during the presentation of music with sloworhythm, the rate of systolic blood pressure decreased more than the baseline. Although the fast rhythm music
was effective in physiological indices, it did not cause significant differences in two groups. Based on the obtained results it could be suggested that introvert patients experience negative emotions more than extravert patients and negative emotions cause less change in blood pressure in these patients compared with extrovert patients.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4042_e11460bd800162660abe107fcb86f730.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Effect of Cognitive Training on Efficiency of Executive Control Network of Attention and Processing Speed (with Approach of Hebb’s Theory)Effect of Cognitive Training on Efficiency of Executive Control Network of Attention and Processing Speed (with Approach of Hebb’s Theory)75994043FAZahraFathiAlirezaFarsiSeyyed Mohammad KazemVaez MosaviJournal Article20151207The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive training by working memory tasks on attention and processing speed executive control network efficiency among table tennis players. Therefore, 20 participants were divided into two group of training: cognitive and paired. Before and after training sessions (8 sessions), Attentional Networks Test (ANT) was performed. Results of repeated measure ANOVA 2×2 showed significant differences between two groups in each factor (attentional executive control reaction time). Cognitive training group showed improvement in executive control, while the second group did not. Processing speed was improved in both groups, however, the cognitive training group showed more improvement than the paired group. Based on the study results, it seems that cognitive training has positive effect on neural network efficiency and processing speed and according to Hebb’s theory, this issue indicates an increased effect of intra network communication and brain plasticity of as a result of repetition and practice.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive training by working memory tasks on attention and processing speed executive control network efficiency among table tennis players. Therefore, 20 participants were divided into two group of training: cognitive and paired. Before and after training sessions (8 sessions), Attentional Networks Test (ANT) was performed. Results of repeated measure ANOVA 2×2 showed significant differences between two groups in each factor (attentional executive control reaction time). Cognitive training group showed improvement in executive control, while the second group did not. Processing speed was improved in both groups, however, the cognitive training group showed more improvement than the paired group. Based on the study results, it seems that cognitive training has positive effect on neural network efficiency and processing speed and according to Hebb’s theory, this issue indicates an increased effect of intra network communication and brain plasticity of as a result of repetition and practice.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4043_d20ef556d25e4c0e899c7780de27c48b.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Predictors of Adolescent’s Attitudes towards Vandalistic Behaviors: The Role of Psychological Alienation and Attachment QualityPredictors of Adolescent’s Attitudes towards Vandalistic Behaviors: The Role of Psychological Alienation and Attachment Quality1011184044FAParvinKadivarNedaAfsharianJournal Article20151207The present study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological self-alienation, attachment quality and attitudes towards vandalistic behaviors in high school students. This study was conducted with a correlation method and the study population included 320 students (176 females and 144 males) in third grade of high school who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The psychological self-alienation questionnaire (Seeman, 1959), vandalistic behaviors questionnaire and the inventory of parent and peer attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) were applied. Results showed that there was a negative relationship between trusting parents and peers and vandalistic behaviors. Moreover, findings demonstrated that there was a positive relationship between alienation from parents and peers as well as all aspects of self-alienation had a positive relationship with vandalistic behaviors. The analyses of stepwise regression indicated that psychological self-alienation, trusting father and peers as well as relationship with mother and peers could significantly explain the variance of attitudes towards vandalistic behaviors (R<sup>2</sup>=.87) Hence, the counselors and family therapists are suggested to pay attention to attachment relationship while studying adolescents’ behaviors. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological self-alienation, attachment quality and attitudes towards vandalistic behaviors in high school students. This study was conducted with a correlation method and the study population included 320 students (176 females and 144 males) in third grade of high school who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The psychological self-alienation questionnaire (Seeman, 1959), vandalistic behaviors questionnaire and the inventory of parent and peer attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) were applied. Results showed that there was a negative relationship between trusting parents and peers and vandalistic behaviors. Moreover, findings demonstrated that there was a positive relationship between alienation from parents and peers as well as all aspects of self-alienation had a positive relationship with vandalistic behaviors. The analyses of stepwise regression indicated that psychological self-alienation, trusting father and peers as well as relationship with mother and peers could significantly explain the variance of attitudes towards vandalistic behaviors (R<sup>2</sup>=.87) Hence, the counselors and family therapists are suggested to pay attention to attachment relationship while studying adolescents’ behaviors. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4044_5f253af653d15ac98b61705a94307ec4.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Effectivness of Mindfulness based on Yoga in the Improvement of Secondary InsomniaEffectivness of Mindfulness based on Yoga in the Improvement of Secondary Insomnia1191344045FARoghayyehKianiParichehrAhmadiSiminJafariJournal Article20151207The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Yoga in the treatment of secondary insomnia. It was a kind of quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group. The population of this study was all of individuals with insomnia diagnosis who were referred to Tabriz psychiatric clinics in 2014. Using convenience sampling 60 people were selected and were assigned in two groups.
The experimental group was provided with Yoga treatment for about 5 months. The pretest and posttest were carried out before and after the treatment. The demographic questionnaire, sleep quality index as well as and Beck depression and anxiety questionnaires were used for data collection. Results of the study showed that Yoga was effective in the improvement of sleep quality, decreasing depression and anxiety. Thus it could be used as a kind of and easy to learn treatment.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Yoga in the treatment of secondary insomnia. It was a kind of quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group. The population of this study was all of individuals with insomnia diagnosis who were referred to Tabriz psychiatric clinics in 2014. Using convenience sampling 60 people were selected and were assigned in two groups.
The experimental group was provided with Yoga treatment for about 5 months. The pretest and posttest were carried out before and after the treatment. The demographic questionnaire, sleep quality index as well as and Beck depression and anxiety questionnaires were used for data collection. Results of the study showed that Yoga was effective in the improvement of sleep quality, decreasing depression and anxiety. Thus it could be used as a kind of and easy to learn treatment.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4045_53e2b89cefa86de1a472cbaab497fa09.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Effectiveness of Parent Management Training in Behavioral Problems of Children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity DisorderEffectiveness of Parent Management Training in Behavioral Problems of Children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1351544046FAMohammadNarimaniAzamShahaliAbbasAbolghasemiJournal Article20151207The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parent management training in behavioral problems of children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study was semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group. Therefore, using multi-stage random cluster method, 833 students in grade five in elementary level were selected from Districts 1, 3, and 4 in Tabriz. They were assessed by Conner 5 test (teacher-from) and clinical interview. Therefore, 40 children with ADHD were diagnosed based on Conners test. For data collection, Conners test (parent from) and children anger, scale were used, which were completed by the students and their parents (study sample) both before and after the treatment. The subjects were randomly assigned in parent training and control groups (20 subjects in each group). The experimental group received the instruction in 8 sessions. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that parent management training had a significant effect on the improvement of behavioral problems of children with ADHD (P<.05). Hence, parent management training is one of the most efficient therapeutic methods and it is effective in the reduction of impulsivity, inattention, anxiety, physical aggression inchildren with attention- deficit / hyperactivity disorderThe present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parent management training in behavioral problems of children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study was semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group. Therefore, using multi-stage random cluster method, 833 students in grade five in elementary level were selected from Districts 1, 3, and 4 in Tabriz. They were assessed by Conner 5 test (teacher-from) and clinical interview. Therefore, 40 children with ADHD were diagnosed based on Conners test. For data collection, Conners test (parent from) and children anger, scale were used, which were completed by the students and their parents (study sample) both before and after the treatment. The subjects were randomly assigned in parent training and control groups (20 subjects in each group). The experimental group received the instruction in 8 sessions. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that parent management training had a significant effect on the improvement of behavioral problems of children with ADHD (P<.05). Hence, parent management training is one of the most efficient therapeutic methods and it is effective in the reduction of impulsivity, inattention, anxiety, physical aggression inchildren with attention- deficit / hyperactivity disorderhttps://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4046_e49a52df0c0aa7d4c0e9572ddbb804e0.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121The Effect of Job Crafting on Task Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Mediation of Work MotivationThe Effect of Job Crafting on Task Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Mediation of Work Motivation1551804047FAAbdolzahraNaamiFazlollahShenavarJournal Article20151207This study aimed to investigate indirect effect of job crafting on task performance and organizational citizenship behavior through job motivation. Using convenience sampling, 157 subjects were selected among Ahwaz rolling and pipe Mills Company in 1391. Participants completed questionnaires of job crafting (Laurence, 2010), job motivation (Robinson, 2004), task performance (Williams & Anderson, 1991) and organizational citizenship behavior (Podsakoff, et al. 1990). Evaluation of the proposed model was conducted by structural equation modeling and bootstrapping method was used for examining the intermediate effects testing. The obtained fitness indices showed that the proposed research model had a good fitness. Among direct relationships, only the relationship between job crafting and task performance was insignificant, which was eliminated from the proposed model. The obtained fitness indices demonstrated that the moderated model had also a good fitness. Findings demonstrated that job crafting was directly related to task performance. Besides, it was related to organizational citizenship behavior through job motivation; however, it was related to task performance only through job motivation.
Job crafting had not only a significant effect on employers’ job motivation, but also it impacted on their performance. Thus, organizations using appropriate strategies and preparing the
could increase their employees’ motivation, but also as a result, they could improve their performance.This study aimed to investigate indirect effect of job crafting on task performance and organizational citizenship behavior through job motivation. Using convenience sampling, 157 subjects were selected among Ahwaz rolling and pipe Mills Company in 1391. Participants completed questionnaires of job crafting (Laurence, 2010), job motivation (Robinson, 2004), task performance (Williams & Anderson, 1991) and organizational citizenship behavior (Podsakoff, et al. 1990). Evaluation of the proposed model was conducted by structural equation modeling and bootstrapping method was used for examining the intermediate effects testing. The obtained fitness indices showed that the proposed research model had a good fitness. Among direct relationships, only the relationship between job crafting and task performance was insignificant, which was eliminated from the proposed model. The obtained fitness indices demonstrated that the moderated model had also a good fitness. Findings demonstrated that job crafting was directly related to task performance. Besides, it was related to organizational citizenship behavior through job motivation; however, it was related to task performance only through job motivation.
Job crafting had not only a significant effect on employers’ job motivation, but also it impacted on their performance. Thus, organizations using appropriate strategies and preparing the
could increase their employees’ motivation, but also as a result, they could improve their performance.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4047_e132cb2ef9ae2934fb2c64718dd2d4b0.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Investigation of the Relationship between after life Beliefs, Purpose in Life, Hope, Academic Motivations and Academic Performance of Undergraduate StudentsInvestigation of the Relationship between after life Beliefs, Purpose in Life, Hope, Academic Motivations and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Students1812074048FAFarzanehMikaeiliNargessNourizadSoheilaHashemiJournal Article20151207Academic achievement has long been considered as the most important indicator of the success of individuals and the educational systems. Thus, the study of its predictors is among the most important research priorities in the field of psychology and education.Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the rote of hereafter beliefs, hope, and purposefulness in life and academic motivation in the prediction of academic performance undergraduate students. Therefore, 370 junior undergraduate students in Urmia University were selected through multistage sampling.Hereafter thought test, Schnieder's Hope scale, Vallerand et al academic motivation test life purposedfulness sub-scale of <em>Ryff</em> <em>Psychological</em><em>Well-Being</em> were used. Grade Point Average (GPA) was also considered as education achievement index. Data were analyzed by hierarchical regression. Results showed that the hereafter thoughts (transcendence, duty evasion and enjoyment componenets), sense of purpose in life, academic motivation and hope (intrinsic motivation factors, lack of motivation, and total score) could significantly predict the academic performance. Altogether they could explain and predict more than 64% of the variance of academic performance. Hence, it could be concluded that liken cognitive variables, non-cognitive personal factors could successfully predict student’s academic achievement.Academic achievement has long been considered as the most important indicator of the success of individuals and the educational systems. Thus, the study of its predictors is among the most important research priorities in the field of psychology and education.Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the rote of hereafter beliefs, hope, and purposefulness in life and academic motivation in the prediction of academic performance undergraduate students. Therefore, 370 junior undergraduate students in Urmia University were selected through multistage sampling.Hereafter thought test, Schnieder's Hope scale, Vallerand et al academic motivation test life purposedfulness sub-scale of <em>Ryff</em> <em>Psychological</em><em>Well-Being</em> were used. Grade Point Average (GPA) was also considered as education achievement index. Data were analyzed by hierarchical regression. Results showed that the hereafter thoughts (transcendence, duty evasion and enjoyment componenets), sense of purpose in life, academic motivation and hope (intrinsic motivation factors, lack of motivation, and total score) could significantly predict the academic performance. Altogether they could explain and predict more than 64% of the variance of academic performance. Hence, it could be concluded that liken cognitive variables, non-cognitive personal factors could successfully predict student’s academic achievement.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4048_12ac527101f736b506cb1413cc0090cd.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Modern Psychological Researches2322-334093620150121Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Symptoms of Borderline PersonalityRole of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Symptoms of Borderline Personality2092264049FATourajHashemiNasimAbdollahiMajidMahmoodaliloNaeimehMashinchiJournal Article20151207The present study aimed to determine the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in borderline personality symptoms. It was conducted with a correlation method. Therefore, using random sampling, 300 students were selected from University of Tabriz. They were assessed by Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and borderline personality scale. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Results showed that other-blame could positively predict variances of borderline personality. Besides, perspective taking, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, self-blame, as well as positive refocusing could negatively predict changes of borderline personality. These findings have applied implications in the prevention of symptoms of the disorder, which have been comprehensively discussed.The present study aimed to determine the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in borderline personality symptoms. It was conducted with a correlation method. Therefore, using random sampling, 300 students were selected from University of Tabriz. They were assessed by Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and borderline personality scale. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Results showed that other-blame could positively predict variances of borderline personality. Besides, perspective taking, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, self-blame, as well as positive refocusing could negatively predict changes of borderline personality. These findings have applied implications in the prevention of symptoms of the disorder, which have been comprehensively discussed.https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4049_78abc8dade0c76d1b02283949469730b.pdf